Rarrabuwar Jama'a a cikin tarihin Rayuwa: Muhimmancin Watan Artemis ta NASA da Tsaron Duniya na DART.  

Juyin halitta da kuma bacewar sabbin nau'ikan halittu sun tafi tare tun lokacin da rayuwa ta fara a Duniya. Duk da haka, akwai aƙalla aukuwa biyar na manyan nau'ikan halittu a cikin shekaru miliyan 500 da suka gabata. A cikin waɗannan aukuwa, an kawar da fiye da kashi uku cikin huɗu na nau'ikan halittu da ke akwai. Ana kiran waɗannan a matsayin bacewar duniya ko bacewar mutane . Bacewar Taro ta Biyar ita ce ta ƙarshe da ta faru kimanin shekaru miliyan 65 da suka gabata a zamanin Cretaceous. Wannan ya faru ne saboda tasirin taro mai kama da tauraro. Yanayin da ya haifar ya haifar da kawar da dinosaur daga fuskar Duniya. A cikin zamanin Anthropocene na yanzu (watau, lokacin ɗan adam), ana zargin cewa Duniya na iya riga ta kasance ko kuma tana gab da bacewar Taro ta Shida , saboda matsalolin muhalli da ɗan adam ya ƙirƙira (kamar canjin yanayi, gurɓatawa, sare dazuzzuka, ɗumamar yanayi, da sauransu). Bugu da ƙari, abubuwa kamar makaman nukiliya, halittu ko wasu nau'ikan yaƙi/rikici, bala'o'in muhalli na halitta kamar fashewar aman wuta ko tasirin taro mai kama da tauraro ... Yaɗuwa zuwa sararin samaniya yana ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin magance ƙalubalen rayuwa da ɗan adam ke fuskanta. Manufar NASA ta Artemis Moon Mission wani mafari ne na zama ɗan adam a sararin samaniya mai zurfi ta hanyar mamaye Wata da Mars nan gaba . Kare sararin samaniya ta hanyar karkatar da wani tauraron dan adam daga Duniya wata dabara ce da ake la'akari da ita. Manufar NASA ta DART ita ce gwajin karkatar da tauraron dan adam na farko wanda zai yi ƙoƙarin karkatar da tauraron dan adam kusa da Duniya a wata mai zuwa.

Muhalli koyaushe yana canzawa. Wannan yana da tasiri mai ɓangarori biyu akan halittun rayuwa - yayin da matsin lamba mara kyau akan waɗanda ba su dace da rayuwa a cikin muhalli ya haifar da ɓacewarsu, a gefe guda kuma, ya fifita rayuwar halittun rayuwa masu sassauƙa don daidaitawa da sabbin yanayi. Wannan daga ƙarshe ya haifar da ƙarshen juyin halittar sabbin nau'ikan halittu. Saboda haka, ya kamata ɓacewa da juyin halittar sabbin halittu su tafi tare, kusan ba tare da wata matsala ba tun farkon rayuwa a Duniya.

Duk da haka, tarihin Duniya ba koyaushe yake tafiya daidai ba. Akwai misalan abubuwan ban mamaki da masu ban mamaki waɗanda suka yi mummunan tasiri ga halittu masu rai wanda ya haifar da mutuwar nau'ikan halittu masu yawa. 'Bacewa a duniya' ko 'Bacewa a taro' kalma ce da ake amfani da ita don bayyana abubuwan da suka faru lokacin da kusan kashi uku cikin huɗu na bambancin halittu da ke akwai suka ɓace a cikin ɗan gajeren lokacin ilimin ƙasa. A cikin shekaru miliyan 500 da suka gabata, akwai aƙalla misalan halakar taro mai yawa guda ^biyar.

Tebur: Duniya, Rarraba Nau'o'i da Mutane  

An bayyana wannan bacewar 'Big Five' bisa nazarin bayanan dubban burbushin halittun ruwa.  

A zamanin Cambrian (shekaru miliyan 541-485 da suka wuce), an sami fashewar sabbin halittu masu rai. Wannan ya biyo bayan Karewar Taro ta Farko a Duniya wanda ya faru shekaru miliyan 400 da suka gabata a zamanin Ordovician-Silurian. Wannan ya ga karewa sama da kashi 85% na bambancin halittu na ruwa sakamakon sauyin yanayi saboda sanyaya tekuna na wurare masu zafi a duniya, sannan aka biyo bayan raguwar matakin teku da kuma asarar mazauna a yankunan da ke ƙasa. Karewar Taro ta Biyu ta faru shekaru miliyan 365 da suka gabata a zamanin Devonian wanda da alama ya faru ne saboda raguwar yawan iskar oxygen a ruwa lokacin da matakin teku ya yi yawa. A halin yanzu ana ɗaukar ayyukan aman wuta a matsayin abin da ke haifar da karewa ta ^biyu.

Karewar Taro ta Uku ko kuma Karewar Permian-Triassic ya faru kimanin shekaru miliyan 250 da suka gabata a zamanin Permian-Triassic. Wannan kuma ana kiransa da Babban Mutuwa saboda an kawar da sama da kashi 90 cikin 100 na nau'ikan Duniya. Wannan ya faru ne sakamakon sauyin yanayi mai tsanani bayan ɗumamar yanayi sakamakon fitar da iskar gas mai yawa musamman karuwar CO2 sau shida _a cikin yanayi ^1,2 . Wannan kuma yana bayanin dalilin karewar taruka ta huɗu ko kuma karewar Triassic-Jurassic shekaru miliyan 210 da suka gabata wanda ya ga kawar da manyan dabbobi da yawa yana share hanyar dinosaurs su bunƙasa. Babban fashewar aman wuta da alama shine abin da ke da alaƙa da waɗannan manyan kare biyu.

Karewar Cretaceous ta ƙarshe (ko kuma karewar Cretaceous-Paleogene ko kuma Karewar Taro ta Biyar) ta faru kimanin shekaru miliyan 65.5 da suka gabata. Wannan shine ɗayan mafi girman karewar taruka a tarihin rayuwa wanda ya ga an kawar da dukkan dinosaurs waɗanda ba na tsuntsaye ba gaba ɗaya. Akwai dinosaurs na tsuntsaye da waɗanda ba na tsuntsaye ba. Dinosaurs na tsuntsaye suna da jinin ɗumi yayin da dinosaurs waɗanda ba na tsuntsaye ba suna da jinin sanyi. Masu rarrafe masu tashi da dinosaurs waɗanda ba na tsuntsaye ba sun sha wahala gaba ɗaya yayin da zuriyar dinosaurs na tsuntsayen ... Rashin photosynthesis yana nufin lalata manyan tsire-tsire masu samar da abinci, ciki har da phytoplankton da algae da kuma nau'ikan dabbobi masu dogaro da su ^1,3 . Tasirin taurarin asteroid shine babban abin da ke haifar da ɓacewa daga duniya, amma fashewar aman wuta a wancan lokacin, a gefe guda, ya taimaka wajen halakar da mutane da yawa ta hanyar ƙara tsananta duhu da hunturu ta hanyar jefa hayaki da ƙura a cikin sararin samaniya. A gefe guda kuma, ya haifar da ɗumamawar dutsen mai aman wuta ^4. Dangane da ƙarshen dukkan dangin dinosaurs waɗanda ba tsuntsaye ba, nazarin ilimin halittar jiki na zuriyar dinosaurs na tsuntsaye ya nuna cewa akwai gazawar haihuwa saboda ƙarancin bitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) a cikin tayin da ke tasowa a cikin ƙwai wanda ya kai ga mutuwa kafin ƙyanƙyashewa ⁵.

A wannan zamanin na Anthropocene (watau, lokacin ɗan adam), wasu masu bincike suna jayayya cewa an riga an fara wani shiri na Karewar Tattasai ta Shida (8th Mass Extinction) sakamakon matsalolin muhalli da ɗan adam ya ƙirƙira kamar sauyin yanayi, gurɓataccen yanayi, sare dazuzzuka, ɗumamar yanayi, da sauransu. Wannan ya dogara ne akan kimantawar adadin nau'ikan halittu na yanzu, waɗanda aka gano suna cikin irin wannan matakin da adadin mutuwar nau'ikan halittu na farkon ƙarewar tattasai ^1. A zahiri, sakamakon wani bincike ya tabbatar da cewa adadin mutuwar nau'ikan halittu na yanzu ya fi girma fiye da adadin halaka na ƙarewar tattasai biyar da suka gabata da aka samu daga tarihin burbushin halittu ^6,7,8 kuma shirye-shiryen kiyayewa ba su taimaka sosai ba ^. Bugu da ƙari, akwai wasu abubuwan da ɗan adam ya ƙirƙira kamar yaƙin nukiliya/bala'i waɗanda ke da yuwuwar haifar da ɓacewar tattasai. Matakan gama gari na duniya da ƙoƙarin da ake yi na kwance damarar yaƙi, rage sauyin yanayi, rage fitar da hayaki mai gurbata muhalli da kiyaye nau'ikan halittu, duk da haka, wasu masu bincike sun ba da shawarar rage girman kasuwancin ɗan adam, raguwar yawan mutane ta hanyar ƙara rage yawan haihuwa da kuma ƙarshen 'mania mai girma' ⁹.

Kamar ƙarshen ƙarshen Cretaceous, duk wani bala'i na muhalli na gaba da zai taso daga tasirin sararin samaniya da/ko kuma daga fashewar aman wuta mai yawa na iya haifar da babban ƙalubale ga ɗan adam domin a ƙarshe, kamar kowace duniya , Duniya za ta kasance cikin haɗari ta hanyar tasirin sararin samaniya (da kuma fashewar aman wuta) wanda zai ƙare da dakatar da photosynthesis saboda duhu mai tsawo, don haka duk tsire-tsire masu samar da farko da nau'ikan dabbobi da suka dogara da su za su fuskanci raguwar yawan amfanin ƙasa.

Mulkin mallaka mai zurfi sarari da kuma karkatar da asteroids da ke daure a duniya nesa da Duniya martani biyu ne masu yuwuwar dan adam ga barazanar da ke tattare da tasiri daga sarari. NASA ta Atamis Moon Manufar mafari ce zuwa zurfi sarari wurin zama dan Adam don sanya mutane zama multi-duniya nau'in. Wannan shirin ba kawai zai haifar da kasancewar ɗan adam na dogon lokaci a ciki da kewaye ba Moon amma kuma yana koyar da darussa a cikin shirye-shiryen manufa na ɗan adam da wuraren zama a kan Maris. Aikin Artemis zai gina sansanin tushe a kan Lunar saman don baiwa 'yan sama jannati gida don rayuwa da aiki a kan Moon. Wannan zai zama misalin farko na mutane da ke rayuwa a saman wani jikin sama¹⁰. NASA ta duniya Tsaro DART Ofishin Jakadancin an saita don gwada hanyar karkatar da asteroid nesa da Duniya. Duka wadannan sarari Ayyuka suna ɗaukar alƙawura mai yawa don rage ƙalubalen da ke tattare da ɗan adam wanda ya haifar da tasiri daga sarari. 

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.29198/scieu/2208231

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