A cikin babban ci gaba a cikin fasaha na bioprinting na 3D, an ƙirƙiri sel da kyallen takarda don nuna hali a cikin yanayin yanayin su don gina 'hakikanin' tsarin halitta.
Bugawa ta 3D hanya ce da ake haɗa abu tare don haka a haɗa shi ko a ƙarfafa shi a ƙarƙashin ikon dijital na kwamfuta don ƙirƙirar abu ko abu mai girma uku. Saurin Samfura da Ƙirƙirar Ƙari sune sauran kalmomin da ake amfani da su don bayyana wannan dabarar ƙirƙirar abubuwa masu rikitarwa ko abubuwa ta hanyar haɗa abu da kuma gina shi a hankali - ko kuma kawai hanyar 'ƙari'. Wannan fasaha mai ban mamaki ta kasance tsawon shekaru talatin bayan an gano ta a hukumance a shekarar 1987, kwanan nan aka sanya ta cikin haske da shahara a matsayin ba wai kawai hanyar samar da samfura ba har ma tana ba da cikakkun kayan aiki. Irin wannan damar da ake da ita ta buga 3D har yanzu tana haifar da manyan ƙirƙira a fannoni da yawa ciki har da injiniyanci, masana'antu da magani.
Akwai nau'ikan hanyoyin ƙera ƙari daban-daban waɗanda ke bin matakai iri ɗaya don cimma sakamakon ƙarshe. A mataki na farko mai mahimmanci, ana ƙirƙirar ƙira ta amfani da software na CAD (Computer-Aided-Design) akan kwamfuta - wanda ake kira tsarin dijital. Wannan software na iya hango yadda tsarin ƙarshe zai kasance da kuma yin aiki, don haka wannan matakin farko yana da mahimmanci don sakamako mai kyau. Sannan ana canza wannan ƙirar CAD zuwa tsarin fasaha (wanda ake kira fayil ɗin .stl ko harshen tessellation na yau da kullun) wanda ake buƙata don firintar 3D ta iya fassara umarnin ƙira. Na gaba, ana buƙatar saita firintar 3D (kamar firintar gida ko ofis ta 2D) don ainihin bugawa - wannan ya haɗa da daidaita girman da yanayin, zaɓar kwafi na shimfidar wuri ko hoto, cika kwalayen firinta da foda mai dacewa. Firintar 3D sannan ta fara aikin bugawa, tana gina ƙirar a hankali wani ƙaramin Layer na kayan a lokaci guda. Wannan Layer yawanci yana kusa da 0.1mm a kauri kodayake ana iya keɓance shi don dacewa da takamaiman abu da ake bugawa. Gabaɗaya tsarin galibi ana sarrafa shi ta atomatik kuma babu buƙatar shiga tsakani na zahiri, sai dai duba lokaci-lokaci don tabbatar da ingantaccen aiki. Wani abu yana ɗaukar sa'o'i da yawa zuwa kwanaki kafin a kammala shi, ya danganta da girman da sarkakiyar ƙirar. Bugu da ƙari, tunda hanya ce ta 'ƙari', tana da araha, ba ta ɓata muhalli (ba tare da ɓata lokaci ba) kuma tana ba da damar yin ƙira mai yawa.
Mataki na gaba: 3D Bioprinting
Bioprinting wani fanni ne na bugu na 3D na gargajiya tare da ci gaban da aka samu kwanan nan wanda ke ba da damar amfani da bugu na 3D ga kayan rayuwa na halittu. Duk da cewa ana amfani da bugu na inkjet na 3D don haɓakawa da ƙera na'urori da kayan aikin likita na zamani, akwai buƙatar haɓaka wani mataki don bugawa, kallo da fahimtar ƙwayoyin halitta. Babban bambanci shine cewa ba kamar bugu na inkjet ba, bugu na bio ya dogara ne akan bio-ink, wanda ya ƙunshi tsarin ƙwayoyin halitta masu rai. Don haka, a cikin bugu na bioprinting, lokacin da aka shigar da wani takamaiman samfurin dijital, takamaiman kyallen rayuwa ana bugawa kuma ana gina shi a layi ɗaya ta hanyar Layer na tantanin halitta. Saboda abubuwan da ke cikin tantanin halitta masu rikitarwa na jikin mai rai, bugu na 3D yana ci gaba a hankali kuma rikitarwa kamar zaɓin kayan aiki, ƙwayoyin halitta, abubuwan da ke haifar da su, kyallen takarda suna haifar da ƙarin ƙalubalen tsari. Ana iya magance waɗannan rikitarwa ta hanyar faɗaɗa fahimta ta hanyar haɗa fasahohi daga fannoni daban-daban kamar ilmin halitta, kimiyyar lissafi da magani.
Babban ci gaba a bioprinting
A cikin wani bincike da aka buga a cikin Advanced Functional Materials , masu bincike sun ƙirƙiro wata dabarar buga kwayoyin halitta ta 3D wadda ke amfani da ƙwayoyin halitta da ƙwayoyin halitta da aka saba samu a cikin kyallen halitta (yanayinsu na asali) don ƙirƙirar gine-gine ko ƙira waɗanda suka yi kama da tsarin halittu na 'ainihin'. Wannan dabarar buga kwayoyin halitta ta haɗa 'haɗa kwayoyin halitta' da 'buga 3D' masu rikitarwa don ƙirƙirar tsarin halittu masu rikitarwa. Haɗa kwayoyin halitta tsari ne wanda ƙwayoyin halitta ke ɗaukar tsari da aka tsara don yin wani aiki na musamman. Wannan dabarar tana haɗa 'sarrafa ƙananan da macroscopic na fasalulluka na tsarin' wanda 'buga 3D' ke bayarwa tare da 'sarrafa kwayoyin halitta da sikelin nano' wanda 'haɗa kwayoyin halitta' ke ba da damar. Yana amfani da ikon haɗa kwayoyin halitta don ƙarfafa ƙwayoyin da ake bugawa, wanda in ba haka ba iyakance ne a cikin bugawa 3D lokacin da 'tawada bugawa 3D' ta yau da kullun ba ta samar da wannan hanyar don wannan ba.
Masu bincike sun 'saka' tsarin a cikin 'tawada ta halitta' wanda yayi kama da yanayin da suke ciki a cikin jiki wanda hakan ya sa tsarin ya yi aiki kamar yadda yake a cikin jiki. Wannan tawada ta halitta, wacce kuma ake kira tawada mai haɗa kai, tana taimakawa wajen sarrafa ko daidaita halayen sinadarai da na zahiri yayin bugawa da kuma bayan bugawa, wanda hakan ke ba da damar haɓaka ɗabi'ar tantanin halitta daidai. Tsarin musamman idan aka yi amfani da shi ga bugawa tantanin halitta yana ba mu damar yin lura kan yadda waɗannan ƙwayoyin ke aiki a cikin muhallinsu, ta haka yana ba mu hoto da fahimtar ainihin yanayin halitta. Yana haɓaka yiwuwar gina tsarin halitta na 3D ta hanyar buga nau'ikan ƙwayoyin halitta da yawa waɗanda za su iya haɗuwa cikin tsari mai kyau a ma'auni da yawa.
Gaba yana da matukar bege!
An riga an yi amfani da bincike na bioprinting don samar da nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i) kuma don haka zai iya zama mahimmanci ga aikin injiniya na nama da kuma maganin farfadowa don magance buƙatar kyallen takarda da gabobin da suka dace da dashi - fata, kashi, grafts, nama na zuciya da dai sauransu Bugu da ari, da fasaha. yana buɗe ɗimbin dama don ƙirƙira da ƙirƙirar yanayi na halitta kamar hadaddun mahallin tantanin halitta don ba da damar haɓaka aikin injiniyan nama ta hanyar ƙirƙirar abubuwa ko ginawa - ƙarƙashin ikon dijital kuma tare da daidaiton ƙwayoyin cuta- waɗanda suke kama da kyallen takarda a cikin jiki. Nama mai rai, kashi, tasoshin jini da, yuwuwar kuma samfuran gabobin gabaɗaya suna yiwuwa a ƙirƙira don hanyoyin kiwon lafiya, horo, gwaji, bincike da dabarun gano magunguna. Ƙirar ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun gine-ginen haƙuri na iya taimakawa wajen ƙirƙira ingantattun jiyya, da aka yi niyya da keɓantacce.
Ɗaya daga cikin manyan cikas ga bugun bioprinting da buga inkjet na 3D gabaɗaya shine ƙirƙirar wata manhaja mai ci gaba da zamani don magance ƙalubalen a matakin farko na bugawa - ƙirƙirar ƙira ko tsari mai dacewa. Misali, ana iya ƙirƙirar tsarin abubuwan da ba su da rai cikin sauƙi amma idan ana maganar ƙirƙirar samfuran dijital kamar hanta ko zuciya, yana da ƙalubale kuma ba mai sauƙi ba kamar yawancin abubuwan abu. Buga Bioprinting tabbas yana da fa'idodi da yawa - sarrafawa daidai, maimaitawa da ƙira ɗaya amma har yanzu yana fuskantar ƙalubale da yawa - mafi mahimmanci shine haɗa nau'ikan ƙwayoyin halitta da yawa a cikin tsarin sarari tunda yanayin rayuwa yana da ƙarfi kuma ba tsayayye ba. Wannan binciken ya ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban bugun 3D kuma ana iya kawar da cikas da yawa ta hanyar bin ƙa'idodin su. A bayyane yake cewa ainihin nasarar bugun bioprinting yana da fannoni da yawa da ke tattare da shi. Mafi mahimmancin ɓangaren da zai iya ƙarfafa bugun bio shine haɓaka kayan bio masu dacewa da dacewa, haɓaka ƙudurin bugawa da kuma vascularization don samun damar yin amfani da wannan fasaha cikin nasara a asibiti. Da alama ba zai yiwu a "ƙirƙiri" gaɓoɓi masu aiki da inganci don dashen ɗan adam ta hanyar amfani da bioprinting ba, amma duk da haka wannan fanni yana ci gaba da sauri kuma akwai ci gaba da yawa a gaba yanzu cikin 'yan shekaru kaɗan. Ya kamata a iya shawo kan mafi yawan ƙalubalen da ke tattare da bioprinting tunda masu bincike da injiniyoyin biomedical sun riga sun hau kan hanyar samun nasarar bioprinting mai rikitarwa.
Wasu matsaloli tare da Bioprinting
Wani muhimmin batu da aka taso a fannin bioprinting shine cewa kusan ba zai yiwu a wannan matakin a gwada inganci da amincin duk wani magani na halitta da ake bayarwa ga marasa lafiya ta amfani da wannan dabarar ba. Haka kuma, farashin da ke tattare da irin waɗannan jiyya babban batu ne musamman idan aka yi la'akari da masana'anta. Kodayake yana yiwuwa a samar da gabobin aiki waɗanda za su iya maye gurbin gabobin ɗan adam, amma duk da haka, a halin yanzu babu wata hanya da ba ta da tabbas don tantance ko jikin majiyyaci zai karɓi sabon nama ko gaɓar wucin gadi da aka samar da kuma ko irin wannan dashen zai yi nasara kwata-kwata.
Bugawa ta hanyar amfani da na'urar daukar hoto (Bioprinting) kasuwa ce da ke bunƙasa kuma za ta mai da hankali kan ci gaban kyallen jiki da gabobin jiki, kuma wataƙila nan da 'yan shekaru za a ga sabbin sakamako a cikin gabobin jikin mutum da aka buga da na'urar daukar hoto ta 3D . Bugawa ta hanyar amfani da na'urar daukar hoto ta 3D za ta ci gaba da zama mafi muhimmanci kuma mafi dacewa a rayuwarmu.
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Source (s)
Hedegaard CL 2018. Haɗa Kai Tsakanin Peptide-Protein Bioinks Mai Tsarin Tsarin Ruwa Mai Tsarin Ruwa. Kayayyakin Aiki Na Ci Gaba . https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201703716
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