Solar Dynamo: "Solar Orbiter" yana ɗaukar Hotunan Farko na Solar Pole

Don samun kyakkyawar fahimta game da dynamo na hasken rana, yana da mahimmanci a yi nazarin igiyoyin hasken rana, duk da haka duk abubuwan lura da rana ya zuwa yanzu an yi su ne daga kusan ma'aunin hasken rana. Ba a iya yin hoton sandunan hasken rana ba saboda iyakanceccen kallo daga jirgin saman husufi. Kwanan nan, yanayin kumbon “Solar Orbiter” ya samu nasarar karkatar da shi zuwa 17° a kasa da ma’adanin Rana, wanda ya ba da damar binciken ya dauki hotuna na farko na igiyar kudu ta Rana a lokacin da yake tashi daga rana a cikin Maris 2025 a daidai lokacin da Rana ta kasance mafi girman zagayowar hasken rana a halin yanzu kuma lokacin da filin maganadisu ke fuskantar jujjuyawa. Binciken sakamakon da ake ciki yanzu da ƙarin nazarin yankunan polar na Rana a nan gaba daga raƙuman kewayawa zai taimaka ƙarin fahimtar iskar hasken rana zuwa ingantaccen hasashen yanayin sararin samaniya.

Ana tunanin Dynamo gabaɗaya a matsayin na'urar da ke canza makamashin injina zuwa wutar lantarki amma kuma tana nufin janareta na filin maganadisu. A cikin ilmin taurari, yana nufin yadda jikunan sama kamar Duniya ko Rana ke samar da filayen maganadisu. A cikin yanayin Duniya, ƙarancin ƙarfe na ƙarfe a koyaushe yana haifar da filin maganadisu wanda ke kare nau'ikan rayuwa da kayan aikin fasaha daga iskar ion mai ƙarfi. Filin maganadisu na duniya yana fuskantar jujjuyawar igiya bayan matsakaicin tazara na kusan shekaru 300,000 lokacin da igiyoyin maganadisu na arewa da kudu suka musanya wurare. Juyin igiyar maganadisu na ƙarshe a duniya ya faru kimanin shekaru 780,000 da suka wuce.

Filin maganadisu na Rana yana da ƙarfi sosai kuma yana da ƙarfi kamar yadda babban ƙwallo ne na churning plasma. Motsin iskar gas mai zafi a cikin gida, musamman daga yankin convection zuwa faifan hoto yana haifar da filaye masu ƙarfi, waɗanda ba kamar filin duniya ba, suna canzawa sosai cikin yanayin zagayowar shekaru a cikin ƴan shekarun da ke nuna zagayowar rana da jujjuyawar igiyar maganadisu lokaci-lokaci a kowace shekara 11. Wadannan canje-canjen sun tabbatar da iskar hasken rana da yanayin sararin samaniya wanda ke da matukar tasiri ga tsarin rayuwa da kayayyakin fasahar kere-kere a duniya, don haka akwai bukatar karin fahimtar guguwar hasken rana.

Ingantacciyar fahimtar dynamo na hasken rana yana buƙatar lura da sandunan hasken rana ta hanyar spectroscopy da polarimetry. Sai dai har yanzu ba a taba ganin igiyoyin hasken rana ba saboda takaitaccen hangen nesa da ke akwai na binciken sararin samaniya da aka sanya a cikin jirgin saman husuma, wani faya-fayan fayafai da ke kewaye da Rana a cikinsa wanda duniya, da sauran taurari, da dukkan sararin samaniya suke kewaya rana. Dukkan hotunan Rana an ɗauko su ne daga kewayen equator na rana. An karkatar da jirgin sama da 7° dangane da equator na Rana; duk da haka, wannan bai isa ba don hangen nesa na sandunan rana. Na'urar hangen nesa ta duniya suma suna fama da iyakancewa iri ɗaya. Abin farin ciki, an shawo kan wannan iyakance kwanan nan.

A cikin watan Fabrairun 2025, binciken "Solar Orbiter" na Hukumar Kula da Sararin Samaniya ta Turai ya sami damar karkatar da kewayarsa da 17° a ƙasan ma'aunin hasken rana a wajen jirgin sama mai husuma bayan wani harbin iska na Venus. Wannan ya isa ya kalli igiyar kudu ta hasken rana kai tsaye. A cikin Maris 2025, binciken ya yi nasarar ɗaukar hotuna da yawa na sandar kudu ta Sun.

Wadannan hotunan igiyar kudu na Rana an dauki su ne a daidai lokacin da Rana ke ratsa madaidaicin zagayowar ranar da take yi a yanzu da kuma lokacin da filin maganadisu ke jujjuyawa zuwa juzu'i. Hotunan sun nuna a sarari kasancewar polarity na arewa da na kudu a sandar kudu da ke nuni da juyawa. A sakamakon haka, sandar kudu ta bayyana cikin tashin hankali. Polarity guda ɗaya yakamata ya haɓaka sannu a hankali bayan kammala juyawa. Sabbin hotuna yakamata su zo da amfani wajen fahimtar tsarin yadda polarity ke haɓakawa.

Kayan aikin Solar Orbiter ya kuma yi ma'aunin motsi na kayan hasken rana a cikin wani yanki na musamman na Rana wanda zai iya bayyana yadda ionised barbashi ke tserewa Rana ta hanyar iskar hasken rana. Irin waɗannan ma'auni daga yankunan polar zasu taimaka mafi kyawun fahimtar iskar rana.

Binciken sakamakon binciken farko na yankin iyakacin duniya na Rana daga sabon karkata binciken binciken da makamantansu na gaba zai inganta fahimtar mu game da filin maganadisu na Rana, iskar hasken rana, da yanayin sararin samaniya.

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References:

Harra, L., Müller, D. Solar orbiter: taƙaitaccen bitar manufa da sakamakon kimiyya na farko. Astrophys Space Sci 370, 12 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10509-025-04400-3