NASA Ta Gayyaci ISRO Zuwa Shirin Tashar Wata

NASA ta gayyaci ISRO (Ƙungiyar Binciken Sararin Samaniya ta Indiya) da ta shiga cikin shirinta na "Tsarin Wata" a ƙarƙashin Manufar Artemis don haɗin gwiwa a cikin aikin zurfafa sararin samaniya. Wannan shiri na faɗaɗa haɗin gwiwa ya biyo bayan nasarar ƙaddamar da aikin haɗin gwiwa na NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar (NISAR) a cikin 2025 kuma ya gina kan haɗin gwiwa a ƙarƙashin Yarjejeniyar Artemis da Indiya ta sanya hannu a baya a ranar 21 ga Yuni 2023. Bangarorin biyu sun kuma amince da ci gaba da tattaunawa kan haɗin gwiwa kan raba bayanai na kimiyya a buɗe a ƙarƙashin Yarjejeniyar.

Shirin Tushen Wata yana ɗaya daga cikin muhimman sassa shida na Aikin Artemis Moon Mission wanda ke da nufin ƙirƙirar kasancewar ɗan adam na dogon lokaci a kan da kewayen Wata da kuma koyon darussa don shirye-shiryen ayyukan ɗan adam da mazauninsa a duniyar Mars. Sansanin sansanin da ke saman wata (wanda ya ƙunshi ɗakin kwana na zamani, rover, da gida mai motsi) zai bai wa 'yan saman jannati wurin zama da aiki a kan Wata, wanda wani jiki ne na sama.

An tsara sansanin Artemis Base a yankin Kudancin Pole na wata. Wannan ya faru ne saboda an san cewa ramuka masu inuwa na dindindin a wannan yanki suna da ƙanƙarar ruwa da aka makale waɗanda za a iya amfani da su don shan ruwa da man roka. Haka kuma, wasu tsaunuka da tuddai masu tsayi a yankin suna samun hasken rana kusan koyaushe kuma suna iya zama tushen ingantaccen tushen wutar lantarki ta hasken rana.

Abin sha'awa, jirgin saman ISRO mai suna Vikram na Chandrayaan-3 ya sauka lafiya a ranar 23 ga Agusta, 2023 a saman wata mai tsayi kusa da Kudancin Wata. Wannan shine aikin wata na farko a tarihin ɗan adam da ya sauka a yankin kudancin duniya a kusan 69.36°S latitude da kuma 32.34°E longitude, inda aka tabbatar da kasancewar ruwa/kankara. Daga baya aka sanya wa wurin sauka suna a hukumance "Shiv Shakti Point".

SHIRIN ARTEMIS MISSION & WATA TUSHE 

Kusan rabin ƙarni bayan ayyukan Apollo Moon, NASA ta fara wani gagarumin aikin Artemis Moon Mission. Shirin haɗin gwiwa ne na NASA tare da Hukumar Sararin Samaniya ta Turai (ESA) da Hukumar Sararin Samaniya ta Kanada (CSA) kuma yana da manufofi uku - gano kimiyya, fa'idodin tattalin arziki, da kuma wahayi ga sabuwar tsara. Abubuwa shida na aikin sune

1. Jirgin sama na Orion: Jirgin da zai ɗauki ma'aikata zuwa sararin samaniya, ya dakatar da aiki cikin gaggawa, ya kula da ma'aikatan yayin tafiyar, sannan ya samar da damar sake shiga Duniya cikin aminci.  
2. Tsarin Harba Sararin Samaniya (SLS): Roka mai ɗaukar nauyi da za ta harba jirgin sama na Orion. 
3. Exploration Ground Systems (EGS): zai goyi bayan ƙaddamarwa da dawo da 'yan sama jannati. 
4. Ƙofar Shiga: jirgin sararin samaniya da ke kewaya duniyar wata wanda zai yi aiki a matsayin sansanin da ke kewaye da Wata mai amfani da yawa inda 'yan sama jannati za su yi canja wuri tsakanin Orion da mai sauka. Wannan zai samar da tallafi mai mahimmanci don dawowar ɗan adam na dogon lokaci zuwa saman wata.  
5. Tsarin Saukawar Dan Adam: Lander zai ɗauki 'yan sama jannati daga Gateway a cikin falakin wata zuwa saman Wata sannan ya koma Gateway a cikin falakin. 
6. Sansanin Tushen Artemis: zai zama gida da wurin aiki ga ma'aikatan 'yan sama jannati guda huɗu a saman Wata na tsawon kwanaki 30-60. Wannan zai ba ma'aikatan damar zama a kan Wata har tsawon watanni biyu a lokaci guda. 

An ƙaddamar da jirgin Artemis I, gwajin jirgin da ba a matuƙa ba, na farko a cikin jerin ayyukan Artemis masu sarkakiya zuwa duniyar wata, a ranar 16 ga Nuwamba, 2022 kuma ya yi nasara. Wannan ya share fagen samun nasarar jirgin Artemis II mai ma'aikata wanda aka ƙaddamar a ranar 1 ga Afrilu, 2026. An shirya Artemis III a ƙarshen 2027. An tsara Artemis na IV a farkon 2028 zai fara sauka a watan wata na shirin Artemis. 

Tsarin zama na ɗan adam na shirin Tushen Wata shine babban aikin da ake yi don rayuwa mai tsawo a cikin sararin samaniya mai zurfi. Wannan muhimmin aiki ne ga aikin da za a yi nan gaba zuwa duniyar Mars. Ana hasashen wurin zama na wucin gadi don ayyukan dogon lokaci. Rayuwar ɗan adam mai dorewa a saman Wata babban buri ne saboda ƙalubalen da muhallin wata ke fuskanta da kuma nisanta daga Duniya. 

ALAMOMIN ARTEMIS

Shirin wata na Artemis (wanda ya ƙunshi shirin Moon Base) yana aiki daidai da yarjejeniyar Artemis. 

An kafa yarjejeniyar Artemis a shekarar 2020, manufarta ita ce a binciki sararin samaniya cikin lumana. Tana samar da ka'idoji da tsarin shugabanci na duniya ga kasashen da ke hulda da juna a binciken sararin samaniya na wata da kuma na farar hula. 

Indiya ta sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Artemis. Ta sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar a ranar 21 ga Yuni 2023. Duk da haka, kasancewarta mai sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Artemis ba ya sa mutum ɗaya ya shiga ta atomatik. Gayyatar da NASA ta yi wa ISRO a yanzu don shiga shirinta na "Tsarin Wata" na nufin sanya Indiya ta zama mai shiga tsakani, kamar yadda Hukumar Kula da Sararin Samaniya ta Turai (ESA) da Hukumar Kula da Sararin Samaniya ta Kanada (CSA) suka riga suka yi. 

Kasashe saba'in sun sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Artemis zuwa yanzu, Mauritius ta zama ^{kasa ta} 70 da ta sanya hannu a ranar 17 ga Yuli, 2026. Australia, Kanada, Italiya, Japan, Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa, Birtaniya, Amurka, Koriya ta Kudu, Isra'ila, Faransa, Indiya, Jamus, Spain, da sauransu suna daga cikin manyan kasashe da suka sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar. Duk da haka, kasashe da yawa ba su shiga yarjejeniyar Artemis ba.

Tashar Sararin Samaniya ta Duniya (ISS) misali ne mai kyau na haɗin gwiwar ƙasa da ƙasa a fannin fasahar sararin samaniya. Amurka, Rasha, Kanada, Japan, da ƙasashe goma sha ɗaya na Turai ne suka sanya hannu kan haɗin gwiwar ISS a shekarar 1998. Rasha ce ta sanya hannu kuma ta shiga cikin ISS amma an cire China daga ciki, wanda ya ci gaba da gina tashar sararin samaniya ta Tiangong. 

Kasar Sin ta yi nasarar aiwatar da jerin shirye-shiryen binciken sararin samaniya da na sararin samaniya masu zurfi tun bayan ƙaddamar da aikin Chang'E-1 a shekarar 2007 (a wani yanayi, an harba Chandrayaan-1 na ISRO a shekarar 2008). Tun daga lokacin, kasar Sin ta nuna babban matakin fasahar sararin samaniya. Rasha a matsayinta na magajin tsohuwar Tarayyar Soviet, wata babbar kasa ce ta sararin samaniya. 

Idan ana maganar shirin wata, China da Rasha sun zaɓi su kafa haɗin gwiwa na ƙasa da ƙasa don binciken wata. Rasha, China da wasu ƙasashe ba sa sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Artemis.

TASHAR BINCIKE TA RANAR DUNIYA TA DUNIYA (ILRS)

A ranar 9 ga Maris, 2021, Hukumar Kula da Sararin Samaniya ta Ƙasa ta China (CNSA) da ROSCOSMOS ta Rasha suka sanya hannu a hukumance kan yarjejeniyar, kuma aka kafa haɗin gwiwar wata a tashar bincike ta duniya ta ILRS. Shirin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin China da Rasha yana da nufin gina wani sansanin robot da ɗan adam na dindindin a kan wata. 

Baya ga ƙasashe biyu da suka kafa ƙungiyar, Rasha da China, ƙasashe goma sha ɗaya, wato Venezuela, Afirka ta Kudu, Azerbaijan, Pakistan, Belarus, Masar, Thailand, Nicaragua, Serbia, Kazakhstan da Senegal sun rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar ILRS a shekarar 2026. Turkiyya ta nemi izinin shiga kuma tana jiran amincewarta. Bugu da ƙari, Dakin Gwaji na Binciken Sararin Samaniya na China (DSEL) ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyoyi don haɗin gwiwa da ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa sama da 50, jami'o'i, da cibiyoyin bincike. 

Abin sha'awa, Thailand, Serbia da Senegal sun rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar Artemis Accords da kuma Cibiyar Bincike ta Lunar ta Duniya (ILRS). Wannan wani ɓangare ne saboda bambance-bambancen ra'ayoyin tushe na haɗin gwiwar biyu - yarjejeniyar Artemis ta samar da ƙa'idodi na son rai ga ƙasashe don binciken sararin samaniya na fararen hula cikin lumana. Haɗin gwiwar aiki wani shiri ne daban, misali, NASA ta gayyaci ISRO don shiga shirin Moon Base. A gefe guda kuma, China da Rasha sun jagoranci zama memba na Tashar Bincike ta Lunar ta Duniya (ILRS) haɗin gwiwa ne kai tsaye don gina kayayyakin more rayuwa na ɗan adam a saman wata. 

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References 

1. ISRO. Sanarwar manema labarai - Indiya - Taron Hadin Gwiwa na Ƙungiyar Aiki ta Sararin Samaniya ta Amurka a Hedikwatar ISRO, Bengaluru. 12 ga Agusta 2026. Akwai a https://www.isro.gov.in/India_US_Civil_Space_Joint_meeting_at_ISRO.html
2. Ofishin Jakadancin Amurka da Ofishin Jakadancin in Indiya. Sanarwar manema labarai - Ƙungiyar Hadin Gwiwa ta Sararin Samaniya ta Indiya da Amurka Ta Ci Gaba da Haɗin Gwiwa a Sararin Samaniya da Kasuwanci. 11 ga Agusta 2026. Akwai a https://in.usembassy.gov/india-u-s-civil-space-joint-working-group-advances-civil-and-commercial-space-cooperation/
3. NASA. Yarjejeniyar Artemis. Akwai a  https://www.nasa.gov/artemis-accords/
4. NASA. Tushen Wata. Akwai a https://www.nasa.gov/moonbase/
5. NASA. Game da - Tushen Wata. Akwai a https://www.nasa.gov/reference/moonbase-about/
6. NASA. Tashar Sararin Samaniya ta Duniya (ISS). Ana samunsa a https://www.nasa.gov/international-space-station/
7. CNSA. Jagorar Haɗin gwiwa ta Cibiyar Binciken Lunar ta Duniya (ILRS). 16 Yuni 2021. Akwai a https://www.cnsa.gov.cn/english/n6465652/n6465653/c6812150/content.html
8. Wu X., 2023. Tashar Bincike ta Duniya kan Watan Lunar: Sabon Zamanin Haɗin Gwiwa a Sararin Samaniya na China da Sabon Matsayinsa a Tsarin Shari'a na Sararin Samaniya. Mujallar Manufofin Sararin Samaniya ta 65, Agusta 2023, 101537. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spacepol.2022.101537
9. Xu L., da sauransu. Gabatarwa Takaitaccen Bayani ga Shirin Tashar Bincike ta Duniya ta Lunar da kuma Manufar Interstellar Express[J]. Mujallar Kimiyyar Sararin Samaniya ta Sin, 2022, 42(4): 511-513. DOI: https://doi.org/10.11728/cjss2022.04.yg28

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Shafukan da suka shafi: 

1. NISAR: Sabuwar Radar a sararin samaniya don Taswirar Taswirar Duniya   (7 Agusta 2025) 
2. Tashar Sararin Samaniya ta Gateway Lunar ta 'Artemis Mission': Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa za ta samar da Airlock   (8 Janairu 2024)
3. Race Lunar 2.0: Menene ke haifar da sabunta sha'awa a cikin ayyukan wata?  (27 Agusta 2023)
4. Race Lunar: Chandrayaan 3 na Indiya ya sami damar sauka mai laushi  (23 Agusta 2023) 
5. Rarrabuwar Jama'a a cikin tarihin Rayuwa: Muhimmancin Watan Artemis ta NASA da Tsaron Duniya na DART.  (23 Agusta 2022) 
6. Aikin Artemis Moon: Zuwa Zurfin Sararin Samaniya  (11 Agusta 2022) 

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