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Abubuwan da suka yi karo da juna don nazarin "Universe na farko": Muon karon ya nuna

Ana amfani da ƙararrakin hanzari azaman kayan aikin bincike don nazarin sararin samaniya na farko. Hadron colliders (musamman CERN's Large Hadron Collider LHC) da electron-positron colliders sune kan gaba wajen binciken sararin samaniya. Gwaje-gwajen ATLAS da CMS a Large Hadron Collider (LHC) sun yi nasara wajen gano Higgs boson a cikin 2012. Muon collider na iya yin amfani da yawa a irin wannan binciken duk da haka ba gaskiya ba ne tukuna. Masu bincike yanzu sun yi nasarar haɓaka ingantaccen muon zuwa kusan 4% na saurin haske. Wannan shine farkon sanyaya da haɓaka muon a duniya. A matsayin nunin hujja na ra'ayi, wannan yana buɗe hanya don gane farkon muon accelerator a nan gaba.  

James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) yana nazarin sararin samaniya na farko a halin yanzu. An sadaukar da shi kawai don nazarin sararin samaniya na farko, JWST yana yin haka ta hanyar ɗaukar siginar gani / infrared daga farkon taurari da taurarin da aka kafa a cikin Universe bayan Babban Bang. Kwanan nan, JWST ya sami nasarar gano mafi nisa galaxy JADES-GS-z14-0 da aka kafa a farkon sararin samaniya kimanin shekaru miliyan 290 bayan Babban Bang.  

Dangane da Jami'ar Oregon. Farkon Duniya - Zuwa Farkon Lokaci. Akwai a https://pages.uoregon.edu/jimbrau/astr123/Notes/Chapter27.html 

Akwai matakai uku na sararin samaniya - zamanin radiation, zamanin kwayoyin halitta da zamanin duhun makamashi na yanzu. Daga Babban Bang zuwa kimanin shekaru 50,000, sararin samaniya ya mamaye sararin samaniya. Wannan ya biyo bayan zamanin al'amarin. Zamanin galactic zamanin al'amarin wanda ya dade daga kimanin shekaru miliyan 200 bayan Big Bang zuwa kimanin shekaru biliyan 3 bayan Big Bang ya kasance yana siffanta samuwar manyan sifofi kamar taurarin taurari. Yawancin lokaci ana kiran wannan zamanin a matsayin “duniya ta farko” da JWST ke nazari.  

“Universe na farko” tana nufin farkon farkon sararin samaniya ba da daɗewa ba bayan Big Bang lokacin da yake da zafi sosai kuma radiation ta mamaye shi gaba ɗaya. Zamanin Plank shine zamanin farko na zamanin radiation wanda ya dade daga Big Bang zuwa 10-43 s. Tare da zafin jiki na 1032 K, duniya tayi zafi sosai a wannan zamanin. Zamanin Planck ya biyo bayan zamanin Quark, Lepton, da makaman nukiliya; dukkansu sun kasance gajere amma suna da yanayin zafi mai tsananin gaske wanda sannu a hankali ya ragu yayin da sararin duniya ya faɗaɗa.  

Nazarin kai tsaye na wannan farkon farkon sararin samaniya ba zai yiwu ba. Abin da za a iya yi shi ne sake haifar da yanayi na mintuna uku na farko na sararin samaniya bayan Babban Bang a cikin abubuwan kara kuzari. Bayanan da aka haifar ta hanyar karo na barbashi a cikin hanzari/masu karo suna ba da tagar kai tsaye zuwa sararin samaniya da wuri.  

Colliders kayan aikin bincike ne masu mahimmanci a cikin ilimin kimiyyar lissafi. Waɗannan injuna ne masu madauwari ko madaidaiciya waɗanda ke hanzarta barbashi zuwa maɗaukakin gudu kusa da saurin haske kuma suna ba su damar yin karo da wani ɓangarorin da ke fitowa daga gaba ko gaba. Haɗin kai yana haifar da matsanancin zafi a cikin tsari na tiriliyan na Kelvin (mai kama da yanayin da ake ciki a farkon zamanin radiataion). Ana kara kuzarin barbashi masu karo da juna don haka karfin karo ya fi girma wanda ke rikidewa zuwa kwayoyin halitta a cikin nau'i na manya-manyan barbashi wadanda suka wanzu a farkon sararin samaniya kamar yadda yake daidai da ma'aunin kuzari. Irin wannan mu'amala tsakanin barbashi masu ƙarfi a cikin yanayin da suka wanzu a farkon sararin samaniya suna ba da tagogi ga duniyar da ba ta isa ba ta wancan lokacin da kuma nazarin abubuwan da suka haifar da karo na ba da wata hanya ta fahimtar dokokin gudanarwa na kimiyyar lissafi.  

Watakila, shahararren misali na masu karo shine CERN's Large Hadron Collider (LHC) wato, manya-manyan kararraki inda hadrons (barbashi da aka yi da quarks kawai kamar protons da neutrons) suka yi karo. Shi ne karo mafi girma kuma mafi ƙarfi a duniya wanda ke haifar da karo a makamashin TeV 13 (teraelectronvolts) wanda shine mafi girman makamashin da na'urar gaggawa ke kaiwa. Nazarin abubuwan da suka haifar da hadarurrukan yana da matukar wadata har ya zuwa yanzu. Gano Higgs boson a cikin 2012 ta gwajin ATLAS da CMS a Large Hadron Collider (LHC) wani ci gaba ne a kimiyya.  

Ma'auni na nazarin hulɗar barbashi yana ƙaddara ta ƙarfin mai haɓakawa. Don bincike a kan ƙananan ma'auni, mutum yana buƙatar masu haɓaka mafi girma da makamashi mafi girma. Don haka, akwai ko da yaushe nema ga mafi girma-makamashi accelerators fiye da a halin yanzu samuwa ga cikakken bincike na daidaitaccen model na barbashi kimiyyar lissafi da bincike a kananan ma'auni. Don haka, sabbin na'urori masu ƙarfin kuzari da yawa a halin yanzu suna cikin bututun.  

CERN's High-Lunosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC), wanda mai yuwuwa zai fara aiki nan da 2029, an ƙera shi don haɓaka aikin LHC ta hanyar ƙara yawan haɗuwa don ba da damar yin nazarin hanyoyin da aka sani daki-daki. A gefe guda kuma, Future Circular Collider (FCC) shine babban aikin CERN mai tsananin buri na aikin ɓarna ɓarna wanda zai kasance kusan kilomita 100 a kewayen mita 200 ƙasa da ƙasa kuma zai biyo baya daga Babban Hadron Collider (LHC). Ana iya farawa da gininsa a cikin 2030s kuma za a aiwatar da shi ta matakai biyu: FCC-ee (ma'aunin ma'auni) zai fara aiki a tsakiyar 2040s yayin da FCC-hh (high energy) zai fara aiki a cikin 2070s. Ya kamata FCC ta bincika wanzuwar sababbi, barbashi masu nauyi, sama da isar LHC da wanzuwar ɓangarorin haske waɗanda ke yin mu'amala da rauni sosai tare da daidaitattun barbashi.  

Don haka, rukuni ɗaya na barbashi da ke yin karo a cikin karo shine hadrons kamar su protons da nuclei waɗanda su ne ɓangarorin da aka yi da quarks. Waɗannan suna da nauyi kuma suna ba da damar masu bincike su isa manyan kuzari kamar yadda yake a cikin LHC. Sauran rukunin na lepton ne kamar su electrons da positrons. Waɗannan barbashi kuma na iya yin karo kamar na Large Electron-Positron Collider (LEPC) da SuperKEKB karo. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan batutuwa tare da electron-positron tushen lepton collider shine babban asarar makamashi saboda synchrotron radiation lokacin da aka tilasta barbashi a cikin kewayawa da'ira wanda za'a iya shawo kan su ta hanyar amfani da muons. Kamar electrons, muons sun kasance ɓangarorin farko amma suna da nauyi sau 200 fiye da electrons saboda haka ƙarancin makamashi ya ragu saboda radiation synchrotron.  

Ba kamar hadron karon ba, muon karo na iya gudu ta amfani da ƙarancin kuzari wanda ke yin karon TeV muon 10 daidai da karon hadron TeV 100. Saboda haka, muon karo na iya zama mafi dacewa bayan High Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC) don manyan gwaje-gwajen kimiyyar lissafi na makamashi ta hanyar FCC-ee, ko CLIC (Compact Linear Collider) ko ILC (International Linear Collider). Idan aka yi la'akari da tsawaita lokaci na manyan abokan gaba na makamashi, muon karo na iya zama kayan aikin bincike kawai a cikin ilimin kimiyyar lissafi na shekaru talatin masu zuwa. Muons na iya zama da amfani don auna madaidaicin daidaitaccen lokacin maganadisu (g-2) da lokacin dipole na lantarki (EDM) zuwa bincike fiye da daidaitaccen samfurin. Fasahar muon tana da aikace-aikace kuma a fannonin bincike daban-daban.  

Koyaya, akwai ƙalubalen fasaha a cikin gane karon muon. Ba kamar hadrons da electrons waɗanda ba sa ruɓewa, muons suna da ɗan gajeren rayuwa na 2.2 microsecond kacal kafin ya lalace ya zama electron da neutrinos. Amma rayuwar muon yana ƙaruwa da kuzari wanda ke nuna ruɓarsa za a iya jinkirta shi idan an hanzarta. Amma hanzarta muons yana da wahala a zahiri saboda ba su da alkibla iri ɗaya ko gudu.  

Kwanan nan, masu bincike a Cibiyar Bincike ta Proton Accelerator Research Complex (J-PARC) sun yi nasara wajen shawo kan kalubalen fasahar muon. Sun yi nasarar haɓaka ingantaccen muon zuwa kusan 4% na saurin haske a karon farko a duniya. Wannan shine farkon nunin sanyaya da haɓaka ingantaccen muon bayan shekaru na ci gaba da haɓaka fasahar sanyaya da haɓakawa.  

Proton accelerator a J-PARC yana samar da kusan muons miliyan 100 a sakan daya. Ana yin wannan ta hanyar haɓaka protons zuwa kusa da saurin haske da ƙyale shi ya buga graphite don samar da pions. Muons suna samuwa azaman ruɓaɓɓen samfurin pions.  

Ƙungiyar binciken ta samar da muons masu kyau waɗanda ke da saurin kusan 30% gudun haske kuma sun harbe su cikin silica aerogel. Muons da aka yarda su haɗa tare da electrons a cikin silica airgel wanda ya haifar da samuwar muonium (tsakiyar tsaka-tsaki, ƙwayar zarra mai kama da zarra ko zarra mai ƙyalli wanda ya ƙunshi tabbataccen muon a tsakiya da kuma electron kewaye da muon tabbatacce). Daga baya, an cire electrons daga muonium ta hanyar sakawa ta hanyar laser wanda ya ba da muons masu kyau sanyaya zuwa kusan 0.002% na saurin haske. Bayan haka, an ƙara ƙarfafa muons masu sanyaya ta amfani da filin lantarki mai mitar rediyo. Ingantattun ingantattun muons don haka aka ƙirƙira sun kasance masu jagora saboda sun fara daga kusa da sifili suna zama babban katako na muon yayin da a hankali aka haɓaka su kai kusan 4% na saurin haske. Wannan babban ci gaba ne a fasahar haɓaka muon.  

Ƙungiyar binciken tana shirin ƙaddamar da muons masu kyau zuwa 94% na saurin haske. 

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References:  

  1. Jami'ar Oregon. Farkon Duniya - Zuwa Farkon Tim. Akwai a https://pages.uoregon.edu/jimbrau/astr123/Notes/Chapter27.html 
  1. CERN. Hanzarta kimiyya - Muon karo. Akwai a https://home.cern/science/accelerators/muon-collider 
  1. J-PARC. Sakin manema labarai - sanyaya na farko a duniya da haɓakar muon. An buga 23 Mayu 2024. Akwai a https://j-parc.jp/c/en/press-release/2024/05/23001341.html  
  1. Aritome S., et al., 2024. Haɓakar ingantattun muons ta ramin mitar rediyo. Preprint a arXiv. An ƙaddamar da shi a kan 15 Oktoba 2024. DOI: https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2410.11367  

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Shafuka masu dangantaka  

Mahimman barbashi Duba mai sauri. Matsakaicin Jumla tsakanin "Top Quarks" a Mafi Ƙarfafa Ƙarfafawa  (22 Satumba 2024).  

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Umesh Prasad
Umesh Prasad
Jaridar Kimiyya | Editan kafa, mujallar Scientific Turai

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