Yadda Lipid ke Bincika Rarraba Tsofaffin Halayen Abinci da Ayyukan Dafuwa

Tsarin Chromatography da nazarin isotope na musamman na ragowar lipid a cikin tukwane na da suna ba da bayanai da yawa game da dabi'un abinci na da da kuma ayyukan girki. A cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata, an yi amfani da wannan dabarar wajen warware tsoffin hanyoyin abinci na wuraren tarihi da dama a duniya. Masu bincike sun yi amfani da wannan dabarar kwanan nan a wuraren tukwane da aka tattara daga wurare da yawa na tarihin wayewar Indus Valley. Babban binciken kimiyya shine rinjayen kitsen da ba na dabbobi ba a cikin tasoshin girki wanda ke nuna cewa dabbobin da ba na dabbobi ba (kamar doki, aladu, kaji, kaza, zomo, da sauransu) an dafa su a cikin tasoshin tsawon lokaci. Wannan ya saba wa ra'ayin da aka daɗe ana da shi (bisa ga shaidar dabbobi) cewa mutanen Indus Valley suna cinye dabbobin dabbobi (kamar shanu, barewa, barewa, da sauransu) a matsayin abinci .

Tono kayan tarihi na muhimman wurare a ƙarni na baya ya ba da bayanai da yawa game da al'adu da ayyukan mutanen da suka gabata. Duk da haka, fahimtar abinci da ayyukan rayuwa da suka zama ruwan dare a cikin tsoffin al'ummomin da suka gabata ba tare da rubuce-rubuce ba a daɗe suna zama babban aiki saboda ba a bar yawancin abin da ya ƙunshi 'abinci' ba saboda kusan lalacewar yanayi na abinci da ƙwayoyin halitta gaba ɗaya. A cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata, dabarun sinadarai na yau da kullun na chromatography da nazarin takamaiman mahadi na rabon isotopes masu karko na carbon sun shiga cikin binciken kayan tarihi wanda ke ba masu bincike damar gano tushen lipids. Sakamakon haka, ya zama mai yiwuwa a bincika ayyukan abinci da rayuwa ta amfani da nazarin kwayoyin halitta da isotopic na ragowar abinci da aka sha bisa ga ƙimar δ13C da Δ13C.

Shuke-shuke su ne manyan masu samar da abinci. Yawancin tsire-tsire suna amfani da C3 photosynthesis don gyara carbon, don haka ana kiransu da tsire-tsire C3. Alkama, sha'ir, shinkafa, hatsi, hatsin rai, wake, rogo, waken soya da sauransu su ne manyan tsire-tsire na C3. Su ne tushen abincin ɗan adam. Tsire-tsire na C4 (kamar masara, rake, gero, da dawa) a gefe guda kuma, suna amfani da C4 photosynthesis don daidaita carbon.

Carbon yana da isotopes guda biyu masu karko, C-12 da C-13 (isotope na uku C-14, ba shi da ƙarfi don haka yana da rediyoaktif kuma ana amfani da shi don gano abubuwan tarihi na halitta ). Daga cikin isotopes guda biyu masu karko, ana fifita ɗaukar haske C-12 a cikin photosynthesis. Photosynthesis ba abu ne na gama gari ba; yana fifita daidaita C-12. Bugu da ƙari, tsire-tsire na C3 suna ɗaukar isotopes masu sauƙi na C-12 fiye da tsire-tsire na C4. Tsire-tsire na C3 da C4 suna nuna bambanci tsakanin isotopes masu nauyi na C-13 amma tsire-tsire na C4 ba sa nuna bambanci kamar tsire-tsire na C3. A akasin haka, a cikin photosynthesis, tsire-tsire na C3 da C4 suna fifita isotopes na C-12 fiye da C-13 amma tsire-tsire na C3 suna fifita C-12 fiye da tsire-tsire na C4. Wannan yana haifar da bambance-bambance a cikin rabo na isotopes masu karko na carbon a cikin tsire-tsire na C3 da C4 da kuma a cikin dabbobin da ke cin tsire-tsire na C3 da C4. Dabbobin da aka ciyar da tsire-tsire na C3 za su sami isotopes masu sauƙi fiye da dabba da aka ciyar da tsire-tsire na C4, ma'ana ƙwayar lipid mai rabon isotopes mai sauƙi yana da yuwuwar ya samo asali ne daga dabba da aka ciyar da tsire-tsire na C3. Wannan shine tushen nazarin isotope na musamman na lipid (ko wani biomolecule na wannan abu) wanda ke taimakawa wajen gano tushen ragowar lipid a cikin tukunya. A taƙaice, tsire-tsire na C3 da C4 suna da bambancin rabon isotopic na carbon. Ƙimar δ13C ga tsire-tsire na C3 ya fi sauƙi tsakanin −30 da −23‰ yayin da ga tsire-tsire na C4 wannan ƙimar tana tsakanin −14 da −12‰.

Bayan cire ragowar lipid daga samfuran tukwane, mataki na farko shine a raba abubuwan da ke cikin lipid ta amfani da dabarar Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Wannan yana ba da lipid chromatogram na samfurin. Lipids yana lalacewa akan lokaci don haka abin da muke samu a cikin samfuran da suka gabata sune fatty acids (FA), musamman palmitic acid (C ₁₆ ) da stearic acid (C ₁₈ ). Don haka, wannan dabarar nazarin sinadarai tana taimakawa wajen gano fatty acids a cikin samfurin amma ba ta bayar da bayani game da asalin fatty acids ba. Yana buƙatar a ƙara tabbatar da ko wani takamaiman fatty acid da aka gano a cikin tsohon jirgin girki ya samo asali ne daga kiwo ko nama ko shukar dabbobi. Ragowar fatty acid a cikin tukwane ya dogara ne akan abin da aka dafa a cikin jirgin a zamanin da.

C3 da C4 tsire-tsire suna da mabambanta ma'auni na isotopes barga na carbon saboda fifikon ɗaukar isotope C12 mai sauƙi yayin photosynthesis. Hakazalika, dabbobin da ake ciyar da tsire-tsire na C3 da C4 suna da mabanbantan rabo, alal misali, dabbobin gida (dabbobin gida irin su saniya da buffalo) da ake ciyar da abinci C4 (kamar gero) za su sami rabon isotope daban-daban fiye da ƙananan dabbobin gida kamar akuya, tumaki. da alade da yawanci kiwo da bunƙasa a kan C3 shuke-shuke. Bugu da ari, kayan kiwo da naman da aka samu daga garken shanu suna da ma'auni daban-daban na isotope saboda bambance-bambance a cikin kira na fats a cikin glandan mammary da adipose tissue. Tabbatar da asalin wani takamaiman fatty acid da aka gano a baya ana yin shi ta hanyar nazarin ma'auni na isotopes barga na carbon. Dabarar Gas chromatography-kona-isotopic rabo mai yawa spectrometry (GC-C-IRMS) ana amfani da shi don nazarin rabon isotope na fatty acid da aka gano.   

Muhimmancin nazarin rabo na isotopes masu karko na carbon a cikin ragowar lipid a cikin binciken kayan tarihi na wuraren tarihi na tarihi an nuna shi a cikin 1999 lokacin da nazarin wurin kayan tarihi a Welsh Borderlands, Burtaniya, zai iya bambanta tsakanin kitse daga waɗanda ba dabbobi ba (misali, alade) da kuma asalin dabbobi (misali, naman sa ko shanu) ^1. Wannan hanyar za ta iya samar da hujja ta ƙarshe ta kiwo a farkon Saharar Afirka a ƙarni na biyar kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa. Arewacin Afirka ya kasance kore tare da ciyayi a lokacin kuma mutanen Afirka ta Kudu masu Sahara sun rungumi ayyukan kiwo. An kammala wannan bisa ga ƙimar δ13C da Δ13C na manyan acid na kitsen madara da aka gano a cikin tukwane ^2. Irin wannan binciken ya ba da shaidar kai tsaye ta farko ta sarrafa kiwo da amfani da al'ummomin neolithic na makiyaya a gabashin Afirka ³ da kuma a farkon zamanin ƙarfe, arewacin China ⁴.

A Kudancin Asiya, shaidar kiwon dabbobi ta samo asali ne tun daga ƙarni na 7 ^kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS). A ƙarni na 4 ^kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS), dabbobin gida kamar shanu, barewa, akuya, tumaki da sauransu sun kasance a wurare daban-daban na Indus Valley. Akwai shawarwari kan amfani da waɗannan dabbobin a cikin abincin kiwo da nama amma babu wata hujja ta kimiyya da ta goyi bayan ra'ayin. Nazarin isotope mai ƙarfi na ragowar lipid da aka samo daga guntun yumbu da aka tattara daga matsugunan Indus Valley ya ba da shaidar farko ta sarrafa kiwo a Kudancin Asiya ⁽⁵⁾ . A wani bincike na baya-bayan nan, mafi zurfi, mai tsari na ragowar lipid daga gutsuttsuran tukunya da aka tattara daga wurare da yawa na Indus Valley, masu bincike sun yi ƙoƙarin gano nau'in abincin da ake amfani da shi a cikin tasoshin. Binciken Isotope ya tabbatar da amfani da kitsen dabbobi a cikin tasoshin. Babban binciken kimiyya shine rinjayen kitsen da ba na dabbobi ba a cikin tasoshin girki ⁽⁶⁾ wanda ke nuna cewa dabbobin da ba na dabbobi ba (kamar doki, aladu, kaji, kaza, zomo, da sauransu) an dafa su a cikin tasoshin tsawon lokaci kuma an cinye su a matsayin abinci. Wannan ya saba wa ra'ayin da aka daɗe ana da shi (bisa ga shaidar dabbobi) cewa dabbobin dabbobi (kamar shanu, barewa, barewa, akuya da sauransu) mutanen Indus Valley sun ci su a matsayin abinci.

Rashin samuwar kitse na zamani na gida da kuma yiwuwar haɗa shuke-shuke da kayayyakin dabbobi su ne iyakokin wannan binciken. Don shawo kan tasirin da zai iya faruwa sakamakon haɗa shuke-shuke da kayayyakin dabbobi, da kuma don cikakken bayani, an haɗa nazarin ƙwayar sitaci a cikin nazarin ragowar lipid. Wannan ya taimaka wajen dafa shuke-shuke, hatsi, ƙwaya da sauransu a cikin jirgin ruwa. Wannan yana taimakawa wajen shawo kan wasu ƙuntatawa ⁷.

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6. Suryanarayan A., et al 2021. Lipid residues a cikin tukwane daga Indus wayewar a arewa maso yammacin Indiya. Jaridar Archaeological Science. Juzu'i na 125, 2021,105291. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2020.105291 

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