Wata ƙungiya da ta ƙunshi Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Austria ta gabatar da wani sabon alamar gina jiki don malt a cikin tarihin kayan tarihi. Ta hanyar yin hakan, masu binciken sun kuma bayar da shaidar malt a tsakiyar Turai ta baya . Ci gaban wannan 'dabaru ta sabon salo' da 'shaidun malt a tsakiyar Turai ta Neolithic ' wani muhimmin ci gaba ne a binciken 'giya ta da.
Abin sha mai giya da aka dafa ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a rayuwar zamantakewa kuma ya kasance wani ɓangare na ayyukan abinci tun zamanin dutse lokacin da aka sauya daga 'tarar farauta' zuwa 'noman hatsi'. Duk da haka, kimiyyar kayan tarihi ba ta iya bayar da shaidar kai tsaye ta yin giya da kuma shan ta daga bayanan kayan tarihi ba. Masu binciken yanzu suna magance wannan gibin.
Mahimmin matakai na yin giya shine malting (wanda ya haɗa da tsiro da bushewa na gaba ko gasasshen hatsi), yin dusar ƙanƙara ( dumama cakuda hatsi mai niƙa da ruwa yana ba da izinin saccharification ko canza sitaci a cikin hatsi zuwa sugars ta hanyar enzymes a cikin malt) , lautering (rarrabuwa na sugary ruwa, wort daga hatsi), da fermenting (canza sukari zuwa ethanol da yisti).
A lokacin malting (lokacin da hatsi suka koma malt), ƙwayoyin iri suna amfani da saccharification na sitaci a cikin endosperm da cellulose da hemicelluloses na bangon tantanin halitta zuwa sukari a matsayin tushen kuzari. Sakamakon haka, akwai raguwar bangon tantanin halitta a cikin endosperm da aleurone layer. Duk ƙwayoyin malted suna nuna wannan halayyar (na raguwar ganuwar tantanin halitta) koda bayan niƙa ko niƙa hatsin malted a matsayin shiri don niƙa. Ana iya amfani da wannan ragewar bangon aleurone a matsayin alama don gano malting. A cikin wannan binciken, masu binciken sun yi amfani da wannan fasalin don gano shaidar malting a cikin ragowar kayan tarihi da aka ƙone.
Masana ilmin kayan tarihi a cikin wannan binciken sun fara ƙirƙirar kwaikwayon adana kayan tarihi ta hanyar ƙona sha'ir na zamani (wanda ba a cika ƙonewa ba) a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje. Binciken microscopic na samfurin kwaikwayon ya nuna alamar malting da aka tattauna a sama. Ainihin samfuran kayan tarihi da aka samo daga wuraren suma sun nuna irin wannan alamu (rage ƙanƙantar bangon tantanin halitta na aleurone).
Binciken na'urar hangen nesa ta lantarki (SEM) na ragowar baƙar fata da aka ƙone da aka samu a cikin ma'ajiyar giya ta yumbu na tsoffin gidajen giya na Masar (ƙarni na 4 BC) ya nuna raguwar bangon aleurone kamar yadda aka gani a cikin samfurin dakin gwaje-gwajen da aka kwaikwayi.
Samfuran da aka samo daga matsugunan bakin teku na ƙarshen Neolithic a Tsakiyar Turai (kimanin ƙarni na 4 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa) suma sun nuna irin waɗannan alamomin a cikin ragowar kayan tarihi.
An samo shaidar malt ɗin sha'ir a cikin ragowar gurasar burodin kayan tarihi daga wurare biyu a bankunan Lake Constance - ƙauyuka a Zürich Parkhaus Opéra, Switzerland da Sipplingen-Osthafen da Hornstaad-Hörnle.
An dasa sha'ir a cikin wani abu mai siffar kofi da aka samu a wurin Hornstaad-Hörnle na iya nuna farkon samar da giya a Tsakiyar Turai amma ba a iya tabbatar da cewa yana narkewa ba. Saboda haka, duk da cewa akwai tabbataccen shaidar malt, ba a iya tabbatar da samar da 'giya mai barasa' ba.
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Sources:
1. Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Austria 2020. Labarai - Wata sabuwar hanyar bincike ta bayar da shaida kan yadda ake yin kiwo a zamanin duwatsu a tsakiyar Turai . An buga a ranar 10 ga Afrilu 2020. Ana samunsa a yanar gizo a https://www.oeaw.ac.at/en/detail/news/a-new-research-method-provides-evidence-on-later-stone-age-brewing-in-central-europe/ An samu shiga a ranar 08 ga Mayu 2020.
2. Heiss AG, Azorín MB, da sauransu, 2020. Matsewa zuwa Matsewa, Ƙazanta zuwa Matsewa. Gabatar da sabon alamar gini don matsewa a cikin tarihin kayan tarihi. An buga: 07 Mayu 2020. PLoS ONE 15(5): e0231696. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0231696
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