Homo sapiens ko ɗan adam na zamani ya samo asali ne kimanin shekaru 200,000 da suka gabata a Gabashin Afirka kusa da Habasha ta zamani. Sun zauna a Afirka na dogon lokaci. Kimanin shekaru 55,000 da suka wuce sun watse zuwa sassa daban-daban na duniya ciki har da Eurasia kuma sun ci gaba da mamaye duniya a lokacin da ya dace.
Tsohuwar shaidar kasancewar ɗan adam a cikin Turai da aka samu a Bacho Kiro Cave, Bulgaria. Ragowar mutum a wannan rukunin yanar gizon ya kasance shekaru 47,000 yana nufin H. sapiens ya isa Gabashin Turai da shekaru 47,000 kafin yanzu.
Eurasia ya kasance, duk da haka ya kasance ƙasar Neanderthals (homo Neanderthalensis), wani batattu nau'in mutanen da suka rayu a ciki Turai da Asiya tsakanin shekaru 400,000 kafin yanzu zuwa kusan shekaru 40,000 kafin yanzu. Sun kasance masu yin kayan aiki masu kyau da mafarauta. H. sapiens bai samo asali daga Neanderthals ba. Maimakon haka, su biyun dangi ne na kud da kud. Kamar yadda aka nuna a bayanan burbushin halittu, Neanderthals sun bambanta sosai da Homo sapiens a cikin kwanyar, kasusuwan kunne da ƙashin ƙugu. Na farko sun fi guntu tsayi, suna da manyan jiki kuma suna da manyan brow da manyan hanci. Don haka, bisa la’akari da bambance-bambance masu mahimmanci a cikin halayen jiki, Neanderthals da homo sapiens a al'adance ana ɗaukar su nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan biyu ne. Duk da haka, H. Neanderthalensis da kuma H. sapiens sun hadu a wajen Afirka lokacin da suka hadu da Neanderthals a Eurasia bayan sun bar Afirka. Al'ummar ɗan adam na yanzu waɗanda kakanninsu suka rayu a wajen Afirka suna da kusan kashi 2% na Neanderthal DNA a cikin kwayoyin halittarsu. Ana samun zuriyar Neanderthal a cikin al'ummomin Afirka na zamani kuma watakila saboda ƙaura na Yan Turai cikin shekaru 20,000 da suka gabata a Afirka.
Halin haɗin kai na Neanderthals da H. sapiens a cikin Turai an yi muhawara. Wasu suna tunanin cewa Neanderthals sun ɓace daga arewa maso yamma Turai kafin zuwan H. sapiens. Dangane da nazarin kayan aikin dutse da gutsuttsura na kwarangwal a wurin, ba zai yiwu a tantance ko takamaiman matakan da aka tono a wuraren binciken kayan tarihi suna da alaƙa da Neanderthals ko H. sapiens ba. Bayan isowa Turai, yi H. sapiens zauna tare (neanderthals) kafin Neanderthals su fuskanci bacewa?
Lincombian-Ranisiya-Jerzmanowician (LRJ) masana'antar kayan aikin dutse a wurin binciken kayan tarihi a Ilsenhöhle a Ranis, Jamus lamari ne mai ban sha'awa. Ba za a iya tabbatar da cikakken ko wannan rukunin yanar gizon yana da alaƙa da Neanderthals ko H. sapiens.
A cikin binciken da aka buga kwanan nan, masu bincike sun fitar da DNA na zamani daga ɓangarorin kwarangwal daga wannan rukunin yanar gizon da kuma nazarin DNA na mitochondrial da haɗin kai tsaye na radiyo na ragowar an gano cewa ragowar na mutanen zamani ne kuma sun kasance kimanin shekaru 45,000 wanda ya sa ya zama farkon sauran H. sapiens a Arewa. Turai.
Nazarin ya nuna cewa Homo sapiens sun kasance a tsakiya da arewa maso yamma Turai tun kafin bacewar Neanderthals a kudu maso yamma Turai kuma ya nuna cewa duka nau'ikan biyu sun kasance tare a Turai a lokacin tsaka-tsakin shekaru kusan 15,000. H. sapiens a LRJ ƙananan ƙungiyoyin majagaba ne waɗanda ke da alaƙa da yawan jama'ar H. sapiens a gabas da tsakiyar Turai. An kuma gano cewa a kusan shekaru 45,000-43,000 da suka wuce, yanayin sanyi ya mamaye wuraren da ke Ilsenhöhle kuma yana da sanyin steppe. saitin. Kasusuwan ɗan adam da aka yi kwanan watan a wurin sun nuna cewa H. sapiens zai iya amfani da rukunin yanar gizon kuma yana aiki don haka yana nuna ikon daidaitawa da yanayin sanyi mai tsanani.
Nazarin yana da mahimmanci saboda yana gano farkon yaduwar H. sapiens zuwa cikin tsaunukan sanyi a arewa Turai shekaru 45,000 da suka gabata. ’Yan Adam za su iya daidaitawa da matsanancin yanayin sanyi kuma su yi aiki a matsayin ƙananan ƙungiyoyin majagaba na hannu.
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References:
- Mylopotamitaki, D., Weiss, M., Fewlass, H. et al. Homo sapiens ya kai manyan latitudes na Turai da shekaru 45,000 da suka wuce. Yanayin 626, 341-346 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06923-7
- Pederzani, S., Britton, K., Trost, M. et al. Stable isotopes sun nuna Homo sapiens ya tarwatsa cikin tsaunukan sanyi ~ 45,000 da suka gabata a Ilsenhöhle a Ranis, Jamus. Nat Ecol Evol (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-023-02318-z
- Smith, GM, Ruebens, K., Zavala, EI et al. Ilimin halittu, rayuwa da abinci na ~ 45,000 Homo sapiens a Ilsenhöhle a Ranis, Jamus. Nat Ecol Evol (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-023-02303-6
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 stone-tool industry at the archaeological site at Ilsenhöhle in Ranis, Germany is an interesting case. It could not be conclusively proved whether this site is associated with neanderthals or H. sapiens. In studies published recently, researchers extracted the ancient DNA from the skeletal fragments from this site and upon mitochondrial DNA analysis and direct radiocarbon dating of the remains found that remains belonged to modern human population and were about 45,000 years old which makes it the earliest H. sapiens remains in Northern Europe.){kind=link}