Bayani game da tsarin "iyali da dangi" (wanda ilimin zamantakewa da zamantakewar al'umma ke yin nazari akai-akai) na al'ummomin zamanin da ba su samuwa saboda dalilai na fili. Kayan aikin DNA na zamani bincike tare da mahallin archaeological sun sami nasarar sake gina bishiyar iyali (tsawon tsafi) na mutanen da suka rayu kimanin shekaru 6000 da suka gabata a wuraren Burtaniya da Faransanci. Bincike ya nuna zuri'ar patrilineal, mazauni na patrilocal da exogamy na mata sun kasance al'adar gama gari a duka wuraren Turai. A wurin Gurgy a Faransa, auren mace ɗaya ya kasance al'ada yayin da akwai alamun ƙungiyoyin auren mata fiye da ɗaya a wurin Birtaniya na Arewacin Long Cairn. Kayan aikin DNA na zamani bincike ya zo da amfani ga horon ilimin ɗan adam da ilimin ɗabi'a a cikin nazarin tsarin dangi na al'ummomin zamanin da ba za su yiwu ba.
Masana ilimin halayyar dan adam ko masu ilimin al'adu suna nazarin "tsarin iyali da dangi" na al'ummomi akai-akai amma gudanar da irin wannan binciken na tsohuwar al'ummomin zamanin da wani wasan kwallon kafa ne na daban gaba daya domin duk abin da ke akwai don yin nazari shi ne mahallin da wasu abubuwan tarihi na archaeological ciki har da kayan tarihi da kasusuwa. Abin farin ciki, abubuwa sun canza don kyakkyawan ci gaban ladabi a cikin archaeogenetics ko DNA na zamani (aDNA) bincike. Yanzu yana yiwuwa a fasahance a tattara, cirewa, haɓakawa da kuma nazarin jerin abubuwan DNA da aka ciro daga jikin ɗan adam na dā da suka rayu dubban shekaru da suka wuce. Dangantakar Halittu tsakanin daidaikun mutane wanda shine mabuɗin fahimtar kulawa, raba albarkatu da ɗabi'un al'adu tsakanin ƴan uwa ana yin su ta amfani da software na gano dangi. Duk da iyakoki da suka taso saboda ƙarancin ɗaukar hoto, softwares suna ba da daidaiton alaƙar dangi1. Da taimakon aDNA kayan aiki, yana ƙara yuwuwa don ba da haske akan tsarin "iyali da dangi". al'ummomin prehistoric. A haƙiƙa, ilimin halitta na iya zama yana canza yanayin yanayin ɗan adam da ƙabilanci.
Wurin binne neolithic Birtaniyya a Hazleton North Long Cairn a Gloucestershire a Kudu maso Yamma Ingila ya ba da ragowar mutanen da suka rayu kimanin shekaru 5,700 da suka wuce. Binciken kwayoyin halitta na mutane 35 daga wannan rukunin yanar gizon ya haifar da sake gina tsarin iyali na ƙarni biyar wanda ya nuna yawan zuriyar patrilineal. Akwai matan da suka haihu da mazajen zuri'a amma 'ya'ya mata na zuriya ba sa nan yana nuni da al'adar mazauni da kuma fitar da mata. Namiji daya aka haifa da mata hudu (shawarar auren mace fiye da daya). Ba duka mutane ne ke kusa da asalin zuriyarsu ba da ke nuna alaƙar dangi ta wuce alaƙar ilimin halitta wanda ke nuni ga ayyukan ɗauka.2.
A cikin wani babban bincike na baya-bayan nan da aka buga akan 26th Yuli 2023, mutane 100 (waɗanda suka rayu shekaru 6,700 da suka gabata kusan 4850-4500 BC) daga wurin binne neolithic na Gurgy 'Les Noisats' a yankin Basin na Paris a arewacin zamanin yau. Faransa tawagar masu bincike na Franco-Jamus daga dakin gwaje-gwaje na PACEA a Bordeaux, Faransa, da kuma Cibiyar Max Planck don Juyin Halitta a Leipzig, Jamus sun yi nazari. Mutane daga wannan rukunin yanar gizon an haɗa su ta hanyar pedigrees biyu (bishiyoyin iyali) waɗanda suka wuce ƙarni bakwai. Bincike ya nuna cewa kusan dukkan mutane suna da alaƙa da bishiyar iyali ta hanyar zuriyar mahaifinsu da ke nuna zuri'ar uba. Bugu da ari, babu wata mace balagagge da aka binne iyayenta/kakaninta a wannan wurin. Wannan yana nuni zuwa ga al'adar ƙaurawar mata da mazauni, wato, mata sun yi ƙaura daga mahaifarta zuwa wurin abokin haifuwarta. Abokan dangi (haihuwa tsakanin mutane masu kusanci) ba ya nan. Ba kamar rukunin neolithic na Biritaniya da ke Hazleton North Long Cairn ba, ƴan uwa rabin ba su nan a rukunin yanar gizon Faransa. Wannan yana nuna auren mace ɗaya shine al'adar gama gari a wurin Gurgy3,4.
Don haka, zuriyar patrilineal, mazauni na patrilocal da exogamy na mata yawanci ana yin su a duka wuraren Turai. A wurin Gurgy, auren mace ɗaya ya kasance al'ada yayin da akwai shaidar ƙungiyoyin auren mata fiye da ɗaya a wurin North Long Cairn. Kayan aikin DNA na zamani bincike da aka haɗe da mahallin kayan tarihi na iya ba da kyakkyawan ra'ayi na "iyali da dangi" tsarin al'ummomin zamanin da ba za su kasance ga ilimin ɗan adam da ƙabilanci ba in ba haka ba.
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References:
- Marsh, WA, Brace, S. & Barnes, I. Haɓaka zumuntar halittu a cikin tsoffin bayanan bayanai: kwatanta martanin tsoffin fakitin software na musamman na DNA zuwa ƙananan bayanan ɗaukar hoto. BMC Genomics 24, 111 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-023-09198-4
- Fowler, C., Olalde, I., Cummings, V. et al. Hoton babban ƙuduri na ayyukan dangi a cikin kabari na Farko Neolithic. Yanayin 601, 584-587 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-04241-4
- Rivollat, M., Rohrlach, AB, Ringbauer, H. et al. Ƙididdiga masu yawa suna nuna ƙungiyar zamantakewar al'ummar Neolithic. Halitta (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06350-8
- Max-Planck-Gesellschaft 2023. Labarai - Bishiyoyin iyali daga Turai Neolithic. An buga 26 Yuli 2023. Akwai a https://www.mpg.de/20653021/0721-evan-family-trees-from-the-european-neolithic-150495-x
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