Babban katafaren aurora da aka gani daga ƙasa a daren Kirsimeti na 2022 an tabbatar da cewa ruwan sama mai ƙarfi ne. Wannan shine farkon abin lura a ƙasa na ruwan sama na aurora. Ba kamar aurora na yau da kullun ba waɗanda abubuwan da suka faru na electrons ke motsa su a cikin magnetotail na magnetosphere na duniya, ruwan sama na polar yana samuwa ta hanyar electrons da ke tafiya kai tsaye daga hasken rana zuwa yankuna na duniya tare da buɗe layin maganadisu don ƙarewa a “polar ruwan sama” hazo na lantarki wanda ke haifar da hayakin gani a kan hulɗa da iskar oxygen da nitrogen a cikin yanayi.
Labarin aurorae, haske mai haske mai haske yana nuna (wanda ake kira hasken Arewa ko aurora borealis a yankin arewa da kuma hasken Southern Lights ko Aurora Australis a yankin kudu) ya fara ne da layin coronal na yanayin rana. Zafin wannan layin yanayi na rana yana da matuƙar girma. Yayin da zafin layin photosphere (wanda ake ɗaukarsa a matsayin saman rana saboda wannan shine abin da za mu iya gani da haske) yake kimanin Kelvin 6000, matsakaicin zafin corona yana tsakanin Kelvin miliyan 1 zuwa 2 saboda 'Coronal Heating Paradox'. Irin wannan zafin jiki mai yawa yana sanya corona ya zama Layer na plasma mai zafi sosai. Iskar rana wadda ta ƙunshi barbashi masu ƙarfi da wutar lantarki (kamar electrons, protons, alpha barbashi da ions masu nauyi) tana ci gaba da fitowa daga layin coronal a duk hanyoyi, ciki har da a gefen Duniya.
Tafiyar waje na barbashi masu kuzari daga rana zuwa ƙasa ba mai sauƙi ba ne kuma madaidaiciya. A al'ada, ionised barbashi suna karkatar da filin maganadisu na duniya (magnetosphere) don haka tsarin rayuwa da tsarin lantarki a duniya ba su da tasiri daga illar da iskar hasken rana ke haifarwa.
Duk da haka, a cikin taron fitar da barbashi da aka caje daga rana kamar yadda ya faru na Coronal Mass Ejection (CMEs), magnetosphere na duniya ya mamaye kuma sakamakon guguwar maganadisu. Guguwar tana jaddada magnetosphere har sai da ta dawo tana jujjuya wasu barbashi da aka caje zuwa Duniya.
Ƙwararren filin maganadisu yana jan electrons a cikin iskar hasken rana zuwa yankunan polar inda ake ganin aurorae mai nisan kilomita 100-300 sama da saman sararin sama. Gudunmawar protons da sauran ions a cikin iskar hasken rana a cikin samuwar aurora ba ta da komai.
Aurora shine ainihin fitarwar gani daga oxygen da atom na nitrogen wanda ke cike da kuzari ta hanyar lantarki masu kuzari da ke hazo daga magnetosphere tare da rufaffiyar filin maganadisu na duniya (hazo mai kuzari ko EEP yana nufin jibgewar makamashin electrons cikin yanayi). Haɗin gwiwar electrons masu kuzari tare da iskar oxygen a cikin yanayi yana da alhakin kore da ja launuka yayin da hulɗa tare da nitrogen yana haifar da samar da shuɗi da launin ja mai zurfi.
Don haka, samuwar aurora na faruwa ne ta hanyar abin da ya faru na electrons da aka adana a cikin magnetotail (yankin magnetosphere na duniya wanda iskar hasken rana ke sharewa zuwa wani babban wutsiya mai nisa daga rana). Na'urorin lantarki da aka adana a cikin magnetosphere suna samun kuzari ta hanyar tilasta iskar hasken rana sannan su hauhawa cikin sararin samaniya a cikin fashe a yankunan polar don haifar da aurora.
Polar Rain Aurora
Koyaya, da wuya, aurorae suna samuwa ta hanyar electrons da ke tafiya kai tsaye daga hasken rana zuwa yankunan polar duniya tare da buɗaɗɗen filayen maganadisu don ƙarewa a cikin hazo na lantarki. Ana samun irin wannan hazo na lantarki yana da ƙarfi lokacin da iskar hasken rana yayi ƙasa. Abubuwan da ake fitarwa na gani da irin waɗannan electrons ke haifarwa suna da rauni kuma aurora da aka kafa ana kiranta da “polar rain aurora”.
An lura da ruwan sama na polar aurorae a wasu lokuta kadan daga sararin samaniya ta tauraron dan adam. Duk da haka, babu wani lamari da aka taɓa gano ta wurin wuraren da ke ƙasa.
A ranar 25 ga Disamba - 26 , 2022, kyamarorin ƙasa sun ɗauki hoton aurora mara tsari a yankin Artic lokacin da iskar rana ta kusan ɓacewa. Aurora da aka gani iri ɗaya ce kuma babba a girmanta. Bai yi kama da aurora na yau da kullun ba. Aurora na yau da kullun aurora wani haske ne mai haske mai haske wanda ke nuna yanayin haske mai kama da bakan gizo. Yana iya bayyana kamar labule, haskoki, karkace, ko kuma kamar walƙiya mai canzawa. Aurora Theta yana kama da harafin Girkanci theta (mai siffar oval tare da layi yana ratsa tsakiya) lokacin da tauraron dan adam ya lura daga sama. Ana kuma kiran Theta aurorae da 'bakan transpolar' saboda bayyanar manyan baka idan aka gan su daga sama. ' Bakan da aka yi wa rana .' ƙananan baka ne kuma masu duhu da aka gani daga wuraren lura da ƙasa. Ana nuna ƙarshen baka ɗaya zuwa Rana don haka ana kiransa ' Bakan da aka yi wa rana .'
Aurora da aka gani a daren Kirsimeti a cikin 2022 ya kasance santsi, yaduwa da girma cikin girma. Bai yi kama da aurora na yau da kullun ba don haka ana tunanin aurora ce ta ruwan sama. Don tabbatar da hakan, masu bincike sun binciki wannan ta hanyar amfani da bayanan tauraron dan adam da na kasa.
Hotunan tauraron dan adam sun nuna cewa yankin murfin polar ya kasance babu komai a farko. Murfin polar ya fara cika da wani ɗan ƙaramin haske mai haske a ranar 25 ga Disamba. Daga baya, kusan dukkan yankin murfin polar ya rufe da hayaki mai ƙarfi amma mara tsari. Wannan babban cika murfin polar ta hanyar hasken aurorae mai haske ya ci gaba na tsawon awanni 28. Tsananin hayakin da ke cikin murfin polar ya fara ɓacewa a safiyar ranar 26 ga Disamba kuma cikin 'yan awanni kaɗan, tsarin aurora ya koma yadda aka saba kuma murfin polar ya sake zama babu komai.
Ruwan sama mai ƙarfi na wutar lantarki gabaɗaya yana faruwa a cikin ƙasa ɗaya kawai dangane da yanayin yanayin yanayin maganadisu (IMF). Hotunan tauraron dan adam a lokaci guda sun nuna cikakken cikar hular polar a Arewacin Hemisphere yayin da hular polar na Kudancin Hemisphere ta kasance babu kowa. Wannan yanayin asymmetry na interhemispheric da kuma yanayin da ake tsammani na IMF ya ba da shawarar cewa babban aurora da aka gano a cikin iyakar iyaka na Arewacin Hemisphere shine ruwan sama na polar polar aurora. An kuma ga asymmetry na interhemispheric a cikin bayanan lantarki. Hakanan, alaƙar da ke tsakanin lokacin bacewar iskar hasken rana da na cika hular polar yana da kyau sosai.
Ma'aunin gani daga cibiyar da ke ƙasa a garin Longyearbyen na Artic a ranar 25 ga Disamba zuwa 26 ga Disamba ya nuna cewa electrons masu ƙarfi (>1 keV) ne suka zama babban abin da ke haifar da hazo a cikin electrons. Tauraron dan adam ya kuma lura da kwararar electrons masu ƙarfi. Sakamakon haka, an ga aurora daga ƙasa a matsayin hayaki mai haske mai kore.
A cikin binciken da aka yi a baya, an nuna cewa ruwan sama mai ƙarfi aurora yana motsa anti-rana a mita 150/sec. A cikin yanayin yanayin aurora da aka gani a daren Kirsimeti na 2022, nazarin bayanan giciye-sashe ya nuna cewa aurora yana yaduwa ta hanyar hana rana duk da haka saurin aurora kamar yadda ake kallo daga ƙasa ya ninka sau biyu zuwa uku cikin sauri.
Don haka, ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan aurora da ake gani daga ƙasa a daren Kirsimeti a cikin 2022 ruwan sama mai ƙarfi ne. Wannan shi ne farkon kallon ƙasa na ruwan sama na aurora, wani yanki na musamman na hadaddun haɗin Rana-Duniya.
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References:
- Hosokawa, K. et al 2024. Na musamman gigantic aurora a cikin iyakacin duniya hula a ranar da hasken rana iskar kusa bace. CIGABAN KIMIYYA. 21 Yuni 2024. Vol 10, Fitowa ta 25. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adn5276
- SWPC, NOAA. Aurora. Akwai a https://www.swpc.noaa.gov/phenomena/aurora
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