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"Canjajen Jini na Hankali" tsakanin fungi ya haifar da Barkewar "Cutar Kofi" 

Fusarium xylarioides, naman gwari da ke haifar da ƙasa yana haifar da "cututtukan kofi na kofi" wanda ke da tarihin haifar da mummunar lalacewa ga amfanin gonar kofi. An sami barkewar cutar a cikin 1920s waɗanda aka gudanar da su yadda ya kamata. Sai dai kuma cutar ta sake kunno kai a kan lokaci wanda ya haifar da barkewar cutar da ta yi barna mai tsanani. Binciken da aka yi a baya ya nuna cewa nau'in naman gwari mai haddasa kila ya samo asali ne ta hanyar samun kwayoyin halitta daga nau'ikan da ke da alaƙa. Wani bincike da aka buga a ranar 5 ga Disamba, 2024 ya tabbatar da cewa sake bullar cutar ta kofi ya faru ne saboda canja wurin kwayoyin halitta a kwance daga nau'in fungal Fusarium oxysporum zuwa nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in fungal Fusarium xylarioides wanda ya ba da damar nau'in naman gwari don haɓakawa da samun dacewa. halaye don cutar da amfanin gona da ke haifar da sake bullar annobar cutar da kuma lalata shuke-shuken kofi.  

A cikin aikin injiniyan kwayoyin halitta, sabon kwayar halitta ko DNA ana canza shi ta hanyar wucin gadi zuwa cikin tantanin halitta ta hanyar amfani da vectors kamar plasmids ko ƙwayoyin cuta da aka gyara don gabatar da sabon iyawa ga kwayoyin halitta.  

A dabi'a, canja wurin kwayoyin halitta ko watsa bayanan kwayoyin halitta yana faruwa a haifuwa a tsaye daga iyaye zuwa zuriya ta zuriya. Wannan siffa ce ta gama gari a cikin eukaryotes wanda ke ba su damar samun bambanci don daidaitawa da juyin halitta. A cikin prokaryotes kamar a cikin kwayoyin cuta, duk da haka, ana canja kayan kwayoyin halitta a kwance (ko a kai tsaye) tsakanin kwayoyin halitta na zamani ba tare da haɗawa da haifuwa ba. Ana kiran wannan hanyar canja wurin kwayoyin halitta (HGT) kuma ita ce hanya daya tilo da kwayoyin cuta za su iya samun sabbin kwayoyin halitta don dacewa da matsananciyar zabi mai kyau da kuma bunkasa don rayuwa. Wannan na iya faruwa ta hanyar canja wurin DNA daga mahalli da haɗin kai zuwa kwayoyin chromosome ko plasmid (canji). Hakanan ana iya canza kwayar halitta a kwance daga wannan kwayar cutar zuwa wani ta hanyar ƙwayoyin cuta masu kamuwa da ƙwayoyin cuta ko bacteriophages (transduction), ko kuma ta hanyar canja wurin kwayoyin halitta kai tsaye daga kwayar cutar kwayar cutar zuwa kwayar mai karɓa ta hanyar jima'i pilus (conjugation).  

Ko da yake an fi lura da shi a cikin prokaryotes, canja wurin kwayoyin halitta a kwance yana da alaƙa da eukaryotes kuma. Endosymbiosis an san ya taka rawa a cikin eukaryotic juyin halitta ta hanyar kwayoyin-eukaryote canja wurin kwayoyin halitta. An rubuta misalai da yawa na eukaryote-eukaryote canja wurin kwayoyin halitta.  

Lamarin canja wurin kwayoyin halitta a kwance yana da mahimmanci don yana ba da gudummawa ga juyin halitta. Misali, Wannan yana da alhakin haɓaka nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta masu jure ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta / ƙwayoyin cuta masu juriya na ƙwayoyin cuta wanda shine babban batun lafiyar jama'a. A cikin aikin noma, an dade ana zargin rawar da ake tafkawa a kwancen gado tsakanin nau'in fungi da ke da alaƙa a sake bullar cutar shan kofi.  

Ciwon Kofi 

Kofi shine muhimmin amfanin gona na kasuwanci. An kiyasta girman kasuwarta ta duniya kusan dala biliyan 223. Itacen kofi na asalin Coffea ne. Yana da nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan Araba da Robusta sun fi shahara wajen lissafin yawan abubuwan da ake samarwa a duniya. Coffea arabica yana da kashi 60-80% na samar da kofi a duniya, yayin da Kofi canephora (wanda aka fi sani da Coffea robusta) yana da kusan 20-40%. 

Cutar sankarau tana faruwa ne sakamakon naman gwari mai ɗauke da ƙasa Fusarium xylarioides wanda ke samun shiga ta tushen amfanin gona don mamaye xylem da ke lalata bangon tantanin halitta don abubuwan gina jiki. Yana toshe shan ruwa wanda zai kai ga bushewar tsire-tsire. Naman gwari mai alaƙa Cututtuka na Fusarium Har ila yau, cuta ce da ke yaduwa ta cikin kasa da ke yaduwa kuma tana da alhakin kashe cututtuka a cikin amfanin gona da yawa kamar cutar Panama a cikin ayaba, tumatir vascular wilt da dai sauransu. F. oxysporum yana rayuwa a kan wasu tsire-tsire (kamar ayaba) tare da kofi don inuwa amma suna raba kofi a matsayin mai masauki tare da F. xylarioides.  

Tun daga shekarun 1920, noman kofi a Afirka sun sha fama da bullar cutar wilt na lokaci-lokaci tare da yin illa ga kofi. samar da kuma rayuwar manoma, musamman a Habasha da tsakiyar Afirka. An sami nasarar shawo kan annobar farko a cikin 1920 ta hanyar amfani da hanyoyin da suka dace duk da haka cutar ta sake bulla a cikin 2000s. Ya yi sanadin naman gwari Fusarium xylarioides yi juyin halitta bayan barkewar farko a cikin 1920s don haɓaka ikon cutar da tsire-tsire na kofi wanda ke haifar da sake bullar annobar? Akwai alamu daga binciken cewa F. xylarioides kwayoyin halittar da aka samu don bunkasa karfin kamuwa da cuta.  

Nazarin ilimin genomics na tarihi da aka buga a cikin 2021 ya goyi bayan ra'ayin cewa tsire-tsire na kofi na arabica da robusta sun sami wani sashi daban-daban masu tasiri ta hanyar canja wuri daga kwance. F. oxysporum. Ƙwayoyin halitta masu tasiri suna ɓoye ƙwayoyin da ke da hannu wajen kafa cututtuka. Ana bayyana waɗannan kwayoyin halitta a duk tsawon rayuwar fungi don tallafawa tsarin cututtuka.  

A cikin binciken kwanan nan da aka buga a ranar 5 ga Disamba 2024, masu binciken sun gudanar da nazarin kwatancen kwayoyin halitta na nau'ikan tarihi guda 13. F. oxysporum don fahimtar yadda cutar da ke haifar da naman gwari ta samo asali kuma ta dace da tsire-tsire na kofi. An gano cewa F. Xylarioides yana da nau'i daban-daban guda hudu: wanda ya dace da tsire-tsire na kofi na arabica, wanda ya dace da tsire-tsire na kofi na robusta, da kuma layi na tarihi guda biyu waɗanda suka rayu akan nau'in kofi masu dangantaka. Bugu da ari, waɗannan nau'ikan sun sami mahimman kwayoyin halitta daga alaƙa F. oxysporum, wanda ya ba da damar haifar da cututtuka F. xylarioides don rushe bangon tantanin halitta na tsire-tsire na kofi don haifar da cutar wilt. Canja wurin halittar eukaryote-eukaryote kwance daga F. oxysporum to F. xylarioides yarda tsohon ya harba kofi shuke-shuke yadda ya kamata yin sake bullar cutar Coffee wilt mai yiwuwa.  

Wannan fahimtar yadda cutar ke haifar da ita na iya taimakawa wajen daidaita ayyukan noma da sarrafa cututtukan shuka yadda ya kamata.   

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References:  

  1. Jami'ar Colorado Denver. Canja wurin Gene na kwance - jagorar ayyuka. Akwai a https://www.ucdenver.edu/docs/librariesprovider132/a-sync_sl/genetics/upload-2/bacterial-genetics/horizontal-gene-transfer-activity-guide.pdf 
  1. Keeling, P., Palmer, J. Horizontal gene transfer a eukaryotic evolution. Nat Rev Genet 9, 605-618 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1038/nrg2386 
  1. Peck, LD, et al. Kwayoyin halitta na tarihi suna bayyana hanyoyin juyin halitta a bayan barkewar cutar sankarau na musamman na kofi na cutar da cutar Fusarium xylarioides. BMC Genomics 22, 404 (2021). An buga: 04 Yuni 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-021-07700-4 
  1. Peck LD, et al. Canje-canje a kwance tsakanin nau'in fusarium na fungal ya ba da gudummawa ga barkewar cutar wilt na kofi. PLoS Biology. An buga: 5 Disamba 2024. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3002480 

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Umesh Prasad
Umesh Prasad
Jaridar Kimiyya | Editan kafa, mujallar Scientific Turai

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