Shin cutar ta SARS CoV-2 ta samo asali ne a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje?

Babu wani cikakken bayani game da asalin SARS CoV-2 na halitta domin ba a sami wani mahaluki mai matsakaicin matsayi ba tukuna wanda ke yada shi daga jemagu zuwa ga mutane. A gefe guda kuma, akwai shaidu masu kyau da ke nuna asalin dakin gwaje-gwaje bisa ga gaskiyar cewa ana gudanar da binciken aiki (wanda ke haifar da maye gurbi na wucin gadi a cikin kwayar cutar ta hanyar maimaita wucewar ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin layukan ƙwayoyin halittar ɗan adam), a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje.

Cutar COVID-19 da kwayar cutar SARS CoV-2 ta haifar ta haifar da mummunan illa ga duniya baki daya ba wai kawai ta fuskar tattalin arziki ba, har ma ta haifar da tasirin tunani ga mutane wanda zai dauki lokaci mai tsawo kafin ya murmure. Tun bayan barkewar cutar a Wuhan a watan Nuwamba/Disamba na 2019, an gabatar da wasu ka'idoji game da asalinta. Mafi yawan lokuta ana magana ne game da kasuwar danshi a Wuhan inda kwayar cutar ta yi tsalle daga jemagu zuwa mutane ta hanyar mai masaukin baki na tsakiya, saboda yanayin yaduwarta na zoonotic kamar yadda aka gani a cikin SARS (jemagu zuwa civets ga mutane) da MERS (jemagu zuwa raƙuma ga mutane) ƙwayoyin cuta ^1,2 . Duk da haka, a cikin shekarar da ta gabata ko makamancin haka, babu wani haske game da mai masaukin baki na tsakiya game da kwayar cutar SARS CoV2 . Wata ka'idar kuma tana nufin kwararar kwayar cutar ba zato ba tsammani daga Cibiyar Nazarin Kwayoyin cuta ta Wuhan (WIV) inda masana kimiyya ke gudanar da bincike kan coronaviruses. Domin fahimtar dalilin da ya sa wannan ka'ida ta sami karbuwa sosai a cikin shekarar da ta gabata ko makamancin haka, mutum yana buƙatar komawa baya ga abubuwan da suka faru a baya-bayan nan, tun daga shekarar 2011, don bincika asalin irin waɗannan ƙwayoyin cuta na coronavirus waɗanda za su iya haifar da cututtuka a cikin mutane.

A shekarar 2012, ma'aikatan hakar ma'adinai shida da ke aiki a wani ma'adinan jan ƙarfe da jemage ya mamaye a kudancin China (lardin Yunnan) sun kamu da cutar coronavirus ³ , wadda aka sani da RaTG13. Dukansu sun kamu da alamun cutar COVID-19 kuma uku ne kawai suka tsira. An ɗauki samfuran ƙwayoyin cuta daga waɗannan ma'aikatan hakar ma'adinai kuma aka miƙa su ga Cibiyar Nazarin Kwayoyin cuta ta Wuhan, dakin gwaje-gwaje na tsaro na matakin 4 a China wanda ke nazarin cutar coronavirus ta jemage . Shi Zheng-Li da abokan aikinsa daga WIV sun yi bincike kan ƙwayoyin cuta na SARS CoV daga jemage don fahimtar asalin irin waɗannan coronaviruses ^4. Ana hasashen cewa WIV ta gudanar da binciken aiki ^{na 5} , wanda ya haɗa da wucewar waɗannan ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin vitro da kuma a cikin jiki don ƙara yawan ƙwayoyin cuta, yaduwar su, da kuma hana ƙwayoyin cuta. Wannan binciken aiki ya bambanta sosai da ƙirƙirar ƙwayoyin cuta ta hanyar kwayoyin halitta don su zama masu mutuwa dangane da ikonsu na haifar da cututtuka. Manufar da ke bayan samar da kuɗi da kuma yin bincike kan ayyukan ƙwayoyin cuta ita ce a ci gaba da zama mataki na gaba da ƙwayoyin cuta don fahimtar kamuwa da cutar a cikin mutane ta yadda za mu kasance cikin shiri sosai a matsayinmu na ɗan adam idan irin wannan lamari ya taso.

Don haka, akwai yiwuwar kwayar cutar SARS CoV-2 ta tsere ba zato ba tsammani lokacin da ta bayyana a ƙarshen 2019 a birnin Wuhan, kodayake babu wata shaida ta zahiri game da hakan. Mafi kusancin wannan kwayar cutar shine RaTG13 wanda aka ɗauki samfurinsa daga masu hakar ma'adinai na Yunnan. RaTG13 ba shine ginshiƙin SARS CoV-2 ba, wanda hakan ya karyata ka'idar cewa an ƙera SARS CoV-2 ta hanyar kwayoyin halitta. Duk da haka, ɗaukar samfurin ƙwayoyin cuta na SARS masu alaƙa don yin bincike da kuma samun ci gaba na binciken aiki (yana haifar da maye gurbi) wataƙila ya haifar da ci gaban SARS CoV-2. Samun aiki ba ya haɗa da sarrafa kwayoyin halitta ta hanyar injiniyan kwayoyin halitta. Jerin kwayoyin halittar sabuwar kwayar cutar da aka samu daga marasa lafiya 5 na farko waɗanda suka kamu da COVID-19 ya nuna cewa wannan kwayar cutar tana da kashi 79.6% daidai da kwayar cutar SARS ⁶.

Da farko, duniyar kimiyya ta yi tunanin cewa kwayar cutar SARS CoV-2 ta yi tsalle daga nau'in dabbobi (jemagu) zuwa mai masaukin baki na tsakiya sannan zuwa ga mutane ⁷ kamar yadda lamarin yake ga ƙwayoyin cuta na SARS da MERS kamar yadda aka ambata a sama. Duk da haka, rashin samun mai masaukin baki na matsakaicin watanni 18 da suka gabata ya haifar da ka'idar makirci ^{ta 8} cewa kwayar cutar za ta iya fitowa daga dakin gwaje-gwaje ba da gangan ba. Haka kuma yana yiwuwa kwayar cutar SARS CoV-2 ta fito ne daga ma'ajiyar ƙwayoyin cuta da aka riga aka ajiye a cikin WIV ⁹ saboda kwayar cutar ta riga ta daidaita sosai don kamuwa da ƙwayoyin halittar ɗan adam. Da ace ta samo asali ne daga halitta, da ta ɗauki ɗan lokaci kafin ta haifar da matakin yaduwa da mutuwa kamar yadda ta yi.

Har yanzu ba a tabbatar ko SARS CoV-2 yana da asali na halitta ko kuma an yi shi ne da ɗan adam (samun aiki wanda ya haifar da maye gurbi ta hanyar wucin gadi) wanda ya tsere daga dakin gwaje-gwaje ba da gangan ba. Babu wata shaida mai ƙarfi da za ta goyi bayan ɗayan ka'idojin. Duk da haka, bisa ga gaskiyar cewa ba mu sami damar samun mai masaukin baki na tsakiya don watsa wannan ƙwayar cuta ta zoonotic tare da gaskiyar cewa ƙwayar cutar ta riga ta daidaita sosai don haifar da kamuwa da cuta a cikin ƙwayoyin halittar ɗan adam zuwa wani babban mataki da binciken da aka yi a WIV a Wuhan inda ƙwayar cutar ta samo asali, ya nuna cewa samfurin ne na binciken aiki wanda ya tsere daga dakin gwaje-gwaje.

Ana buƙatar ƙarin shaida da bincike don kafa hujja mai gamsarwa ba kawai don fahimtar asalin kwayar cutar SARS-CoV2 ba, har ma don rage duk wani haɗari nan gaba idan sun taso domin ceton ɗan adam daga fushin irin waɗannan ƙwayoyin cuta.

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References 

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